Phyto-Fabrication of Different Nanoparticles and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Efficacy

Background: Nowadays, microbial infections are considered the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. Various microorganisms including biofilm-forming bacteria reported playing a crucial role in such public health concerns. On the other hand, the inefficacy of conventional antimicrobial agents due to various reasons including drug resistance creates a need for the development of effective drug molecules. In this context, nanoparticles can be promisingly used in the management of all such concerns. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and biofilm removal efficacy of various metal nanoparticles against biofilm-forming bacteria. Methods: Various metal nanoparticles including silver (AgNPs), copper (CuNPs) and zinc oxide (ZnONPs) were synthesized from plant leaf extracts of Punica granatum, Citrus medica, and Annona squamosa, respectively. Results: Thus synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial and biofilm removal efficacies against Enterococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi to propose a promising approach towards management of such pathogens. In vitro antibacterial study demonstrated that AgNPs showed the maximum efficacy against all the test bacteria followed by CuNPs and ZnONPs. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the metal nanoparticles can be effectively used for the removal of biofilm and also as antimicrobial agents for the management of microbial pathogens responsible for dreadful infections.