Skip to content
2000
image of CBD-Rich Cannabis Therapy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder May Improve Symptoms of Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit: An Open-Label Study

Abstract

Introduction

Medical cannabis has gained growing attention as a potential treatment for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), particularly in cases where conventional pharmacological approaches have proven ineffective. Emerging evidence suggests that cannabinoid-based therapies may alleviate Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) related symptoms in children with ASD. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in ADHD symptoms over six months of treatment with a CBD-rich cannabis oil, using the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale as the assessment tool.

Methods

This was a prospective, single-arm, open-label study conducted at a single center. A total of 109 children and young adults diagnosed with ASD and ADHD symptoms were recruited between November 2019 and April 2021. Of these, 53 participants were assessed by their schoolteachers using the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) questionnaire, both before and after a three- to six-month treatment period with a CBD-rich, cannabis oil-based product. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment to measure cannabinoid levels, including CBD, 6-OH-CBD, 7-COOH-CBD, and 7-OH-CBD.

Results

Significant improvements were observed in the following categories: anxious-shyness, perfectionism, ADHD index, emotional lability, and hyperactivity-impulsivity ( 0.001). Additional trends toward improvement were identified in oppositional behavior ( 0.009), cognitive inattention ( 0.009), hyperactivity ( 0.006), the Conners’ Global Index ( 0.007), and DSM-IV inattention scores ( 0.003). No significant correlations were found between cannabinoid dosage or blood levels and changes in CTRS scores, except for emotional lability, where higher CBD concentrations were predictive of greater symptom improvement.

Discussion

This is the first prospective study to evaluate the effects of CBD-rich cannabis on ADHD symptoms in children with ASD using standardized teacher-based Assessments (CTRS). The findings indicate improvements in core behavioral domains. While previous studies have focused primarily on parent-reported outcomes or small-scale trials, our results support emerging evidence on the role of cannabinoids in modulating attention and emotional regulation. The main limitations of the study were its open-label design.

Conclusion

CBD-rich cannabis oil may reduce ADHD symptoms in children with ASD. These findings support the need for future clinical trials to validate efficacy and determine optimal dosing.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X390368251014072051
2026-01-05
2026-01-10

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X390368251014072051
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed Arlington, VA American Psychiatric Association 2013
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Hodges H. Fealko C. Soares N. Autism spectrum disorder: Definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation. Transl. Pediatr. 2020 9 S1 S55 S65 10.21037/tp.2019.09.09 32206584
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Malwane M.I. Nguyen E.B. Trejo S. Kim E.Y. Cucalَn-Calderَn, J.R. A delayed diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in the setting of complex attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cureus 2022 14 6 25825 10.7759/cureus.25825 35836458
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Antshel K.M. Russo N. Autism spectrum disorders and adhd: Overlapping phenomenology, diagnostic issues, and treatment considerations. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2019 21 5 34 10.1007/s11920‑019‑1020‑5 30903299
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Antshel K.M. Zhang-James Y. Wagner K.E. Ledesma A. Faraone S.V. An update on the comorbidity of ADHD and ASD: A focus on clinical management. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2016 16 3 279 293 10.1586/14737175.2016.1146591 26807870
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Zablotsky B. Bramlett M.D. Blumberg S.J. The co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder in children With ADHD. J. Atten. Disord. 2020 24 1 94 103 10.1177/1087054717713638 28614965
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Cortese S. Castelnau P. Morcillo C. Roux S. Bonnet-Brilhault F. Psychostimulants for ADHD-like symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2012 12 4 461 473 10.1586/ern.12.23 22449217
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Townes P. Liu C. Panesar P. Devoe D. Lee S.Y. Taylor G. Arnold P.D. Crosbie J. Schachar R. Do ASD and ADHD have distinct executive function deficits? a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparison studies. J. Atten. Disord. 2023 27 14 1571 1582 10.1177/10870547231190494 37565325
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Kotte A. Joshi G. Fried R. Uchida M. Spencer A. Woodworth K.Y. Kenworthy T. Faraone S.V. Biederman J. Autistic traits in children with and without ADHD. Pediatrics 2013 132 3 e612 e622 10.1542/peds.2012‑3947 23979086
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Mansour R. Ward A.R. Lane D.M. Loveland K.A. Aman M.G. Jerger S. Schachar R.J. Pearson D.A. ADHD severity as a predictor of cognitive task performance in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Res. Dev. Disabil. 2021 111 103882 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103882 33548744
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Mansour R. Dovi A.T. Lane D.M. Loveland K.A. Pearson D.A. ADHD severity as it relates to comorbid psychiatric symptomatology in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Res. Dev. Disabil. 2017 60 52 64 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.11.009 27889487
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Lee R.R. Ward A.R. Lane D.M. Aman M.G. Loveland K.A. Mansour R. Pearson D.A. Executive function in autism: Association with ADHD and ASD symptoms. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2023 53 2 688 700 10.1007/s10803‑020‑04852‑2 33515417
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Stevanovic D. Wentz E. Nasic S. Knez R. ASD with ADHD vs. ASD and ADHD alone: A study of the QbTest performance and single-dose methylphenidate responding in children and adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2022 22 1 282 10.1186/s12888‑022‑03878‑3 35448977
    [Google Scholar]
  14. McCracken J.T. Anagnostou E. Arango C. Dawson G. Farchione T. Mantua V. McPartland J. Murphy D. Pandina G. Veenstra-VanderWeele J. Drug development for autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Progress, challenges, and future directions. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021 48 3 31 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.010 34158222
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Lamy M. Erickson C.A. Pharmacological management of behavioral disturbances in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care 2018 48 10 250 264 10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.08.015 30262163
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Elliott S.J. Marshall D. Morley K. Uphoff E. Kumar M. Meader N. Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2021 9 9 CD013173 34693989
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Wang L. Wang B. Wu C. Wang J. Sun M. Autism spectrum disorder: Neurodevelopmental risk factors, biological mechanism, and precision therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 3 1819 10.3390/ijms24031819 36768153
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Sharma S.R. Gonda X. Tarazi F.I. Autism spectrum disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018 190 91 104 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007 29763648
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Qin L. Wang H. Ning W. Cui M. Wang Q. New advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2024 29 1 322 10.1186/s40001‑024‑01916‑2 38858682
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Lai M.C. Lombardo M.V. Baron-Cohen S. Autism. Lancet 2014 383 9920 896 910 10.1016/S0140‑6736(13)61539‑1 24074734
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Holdman R. Vigil D. Robinson K. Shah P. Contreras A.E. Safety and efficacy of medical cannabis in autism spectrum disorder compared with commonly used medications. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022 7 4 451 463 10.1089/can.2020.0154 34432543
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Rodrigues R. Lai M.C. Beswick A. Gorman D.A. Anagnostou E. Szatmari P. Anderson K.K. Ameis S.H. Practitioner review: Pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2021 62 6 680 700 10.1111/jcpp.13305 32845025
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Wolraich M.L. Hagan J.F. Jr Allan C. Chan E. Davison D. Earls M. Evans S.W. Flinn S.K. Froehlich T. Frost J. Holbrook J.R. Lehmann C.U. Lessin H.R. Okechukwu K. Pierce K.L. Winner J.D. Zurhellen W. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2019 144 4 20192528 10.1542/peds.2019‑2528
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Yildiz Oc O. Agaoglu B. Sen Berk F. Komsuoglu S. Karakaya I. Coskun A. Evaluation of the effect of methylphenidate by computed tomography, electroencephalography, neuropsychological tests, and clinical symptoms in children with attention-deficit/] hyperactivity disorder: A prospective cohort study. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 2007 68 6 432 449 10.1016/j.curtheres.2007.12.003 24692774
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Johnson M. إsberg Johnels, J.; ضstlund, S.; Cedergren, K.; Omanovic, Z.; Hjalmarsson, K.; Jakobsson, K.; Hِgstedt, J.; Billstedt, E. Long-term medication for ADHD and development of cognitive functions in children and adolescents. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2021 142 204 209 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.055 34375772
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Peterson B.S. Trampush J. Maglione M. Bolshakova M. Rozelle M. Miles J. Pakdaman S. Brown M. Yagyu S. Motala A. Hempel S. Treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Pediatrics 2024 153 4 2024065787 10.1542/peds.2024‑065787 38523592
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Wang F. Wen F. Yu L. Yan J. Liu J. Li Y. Cui Y. The efficacy and safety in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder of second-generation antipsychotics and other medications for hyperactivity in children and adolescents with autism: A meta-analysis. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2021 36 3 109 116 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000349 33492013
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Lilja M.M. Sandblom E. Lichtenstein P. Serlachius E. Hellner C. Bhagia J. Halldner L. The effect of autistic traits on response to and side-effects of pharmacological ADHD treatment in children with ADHD: Results from a prospective clinical cohort. J. Neurodev. Disord. 2022 14 1 17 10.1186/s11689‑022‑09424‑2 35249540
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Charnsil C. Efficacy of atomoxetine in children with severe autistic disorders and symptoms of ADHD: An open-label study. J. Atten. Disord. 2011 15 8 684 689 10.1177/1087054710376907 20686100
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Khan R. Naveed S. Mian N. Fida A. Raafey M.A. Aedma K.K. The therapeutic role of Cannabidiol in mental health: A systematic review. J. Cannabis Res. 2020 2 1 2 10.1186/s42238‑019‑0012‑y 33526132
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Poleg S. Golubchik P. Offen D. Weizman A. Cannabidiol as a suggested candidate for treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2019 89 90 96 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.030 30171992
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Barchel D. Stolar O. De-Haan T. Ziv-Baran T. Saban N. Fuchs D.O. Koren G. Berkovitch M. Oral cannabidiol use in children with autism spectrum disorder to treat related symptoms and Co-morbidities. Front. Pharmacol. 2019 9 JAN 1521 10.3389/fphar.2018.01521 30687090
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Nezgovorova V. Ferretti C.J. Taylor B.P. Shanahan E. Uzunova G. Hong K. Devinsky O. Hollander E. Potential of cannabinoids as treatments for autism spectrum disorders. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2021 137 194 201 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.048 33689997
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hacohen M. Stolar O.E. Berkovitch M. Elkana O. Kohn E. Hazan A. Heyman E. Sobol Y. Waissengreen D. Gal E. Dinstein I. Children and adolescents with ASD treated with CBD-rich cannabis exhibit significant improvements particularly in social symptoms: An open label study. Transl. Psychiatry 2022 12 1 375 10.1038/s41398‑022‑02104‑8 36085294
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Aran A. Harel M. Cassuto H. Polyansky L. Schnapp A. Wattad N. Shmueli D. Golan D. Castellanos F.X. Cannabinoid treatment for autism: A proof-of-concept randomized trial. Mol. Autism 2021 12 1 6 10.1186/s13229‑021‑00420‑2 33536055
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Aran A. Eylon M. Harel M. Polianski L. Nemirovski A. Tepper S. Schnapp A. Cassuto H. Wattad N. Tam J. Lower circulating endocannabinoid levels in children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol. Autism 2019 10 1 2 10.1186/s13229‑019‑0256‑6 30728928
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Jawed B. Esposito J.E. Pulcini R. Zakir S.K. Botteghi M. Gaudio F. Savio D. Martinotti C. Martinotti S. Toniato E. The evolving role of cannabidiol-rich cannabis in people with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 25 22 12453 10.3390/ijms252212453 39596518
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Trauner D Umlauf A Grelotti DJ Fitzgerald R Hannawi A Marcotte TD TD Cannabidiol (CBD) treatment for severe problem behaviors in autistic boys: A randomized clinical trial. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2025 e2025-06884-y 10.1007/s10803‑025‑06884‑y
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Silva E.A.D. Medeiros W.M.B. Santos J.P.M.D. Sousa J.M.M. Costa F.B.D. Pontes K.M. Borges T.C. Espيnola, C.; Andrade E Silva, A.H.; Nunes, E.L.G.; Alves, N.T.; Rosa, M.D.D.; Albuquerque, K.L.G.D. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract in children with autism spectrum disorder: Randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2024 46 20210396 35617670
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Bar-Lev Schleider L. Mechoulam R. Saban N. Meiri G. Novack V. Real life experience of medical cannabis treatment in autism: Analysis of safety and efficacy. Sci. Rep. 2019 9 1 200 10.1038/s41598‑018‑37570‑y 30655581
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Fortini P.S. Toibaro J.J. Caraballo R.H. Purified cannabidiol leads to improvement of severe treatment-resistant behavioral symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2025 249 173971 10.1016/j.pbb.2025.173971 39965749
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Aran A. Cassuto H. Lubotzky A. Wattad N. Hazan E. Brief report: Cannabidiol-rich cannabis in children with autism spectrum disorder and severe behavioral problems—a retrospective feasibility study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2019 49 3 1284 1288 10.1007/s10803‑018‑3808‑2 30382443
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Scarante F.F. Ribeiro M.A. Almeida-Santos A.F. Guimarمes, F.S.; Campos, A.C. Glial cells and their contribution to the mechanisms of action of cannabidiol in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front. Pharmacol. 2021 11 618065 10.3389/fphar.2020.618065 33613284
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Wright M.J. Vandewater S.A. Taffe M.A. Cannabidiol attenuates deficits of visuospatial associative memory induced by Δ 9 tetrahydrocannabinol. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2013 170 7 1365 1373 10.1111/bph.12199 23550724
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Radwan M.M. Chandra S. Gul S. ElSohly M.A. Cannabinoids, phenolics, terpenes and alkaloids of Cannabis. Molecules 2021 26 9 2774 10.3390/molecules26092774 34066753
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Dallabrida K.G. de Oliveira Bender J.M. Chade E.S. Rodrigues N. Sampaio T.B. Endocannabinoid system changes throughout life: Implications and therapeutic potential for autism, ADHD, and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Sci. 2024 14 6 592 10.3390/brainsci14060592 38928592
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Posner J. Polanczyk G.V. Sonuga-Barke E. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2020 395 10222 450 462 10.1016/S0140‑6736(19)33004‑1 31982036
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Motaghi E. Ghasemi-Pirbaluti M. Rashidi M. Alasvand M. Di Ciano P. Bozorgi H. The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol:] cannabidiol oromucosal spray on cognition: A systematic review. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2023 79 3 371 381 10.1007/s00228‑023‑03454‑y 36700997
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Wieghorst A. Roessler K.K. Hendricks O. Andersen T.E. The effect of medical cannabis on cognitive functions: A systematic review. Syst. Rev. 2022 11 1 210 10.1186/s13643‑022‑02073‑5 36192811
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Stolar O. Hazan A. Vissoker R.E. Kishk I.A. Barchel D. Lezinger M. Dagan A. Treves N. Meiri D. Berkovitch M. Kohn E. Heyman E. Medical cannabis for the treatment of comorbid symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: An interim analysis of biochemical safety. Front. Pharmacol. 2022 13 977484 10.3389/fphar.2022.977484 36249785
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Purpura D.J. Lonigan C.J. Conners’ teacher rating scale for preschool children: A revised, brief, age-specific measure. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2009 38 2 263 272 10.1080/15374410802698446 19283604
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Conners C.K. A teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children. Am. J. Psychiatry 1969 126 6 884 888 10.1176/ajp.126.6.884 4900822
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Conners C.K. Sitarenios G. Parker J.D.A. Epstein J.N. Revision and restandardization of the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 1998 26 4 279 291 10.1023/A:1022606501530 9700520
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Goyette C.H. Conners C.K. Ulrich R.F. Normative data on revised conners parent and teacher rating scales. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 1978 6 2 221 236 10.1007/BF00919127 670589
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Netson K.L. Conklin H.M. Ashford J.M. Kahalley L.S. Wu S. Xiong X. Parent and teacher ratings of attention during a year-long methylphenidate trial in children treated for cancer. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2011 36 4 438 450 10.1093/jpepsy/jsq102 21097489
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Simonoff E. Taylor E. Baird G. Bernard S. Chadwick O. Liang H. Whitwell S. Riemer K. Sharma K. Sharma S.P. Wood N. Kelly J. Golaszewski A. Kennedy J. Rodney L. West N. Walwyn R. Jichi F. Randomized controlled double-blind trial of optimal dose methylphenidate in children and adolescents with severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual disability. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2013 54 5 527 535 10.1111/j.1469‑7610.2012.02569.x 22676856
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Pattij T. Janssen M.C.W. Schepers I. Gonzلlez-Cuevas, G.; de Vries, T.J.; Schoffelmeer, A.N.M. Effects of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant on distinct measures of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2007 193 1 85 96 10.1007/s00213‑007‑0773‑4 17387457
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Castelli M. Federici M. Rossi S. De Chiara V. Napolitano F. Studer V. Motta C. Sacchetti L. Romano R. Musella A. Bernardi G. Siracusano A. Gu H.H. Mercuri N.B. Usiello A. Centonze D. Loss of striatal cannabinoid CB1 receptor function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder mice with point-mutation of the dopamine transporter. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011 34 9 1369 1377 10.1111/j.1460‑9568.2011.07876.x 22034972
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Luque-Rojas M.J. Galeano P. Suلrez, J.; Araos, P.; Santيn, L.J.; de Fonseca, F.R.; Calvo, E.B. Hyperactivity induced by the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole is attenuated by inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation in mice. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 16 3 661 676 10.1017/S1461145712000569 22647577
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Sarris J. Sinclair J. Karamacoska D. Davidson M. Firth J. Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders: A clinically-focused systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2020 20 1 24 10.1186/s12888‑019‑2409‑8 31948424
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Ryan J.E. Fruchtman M. Sparr-Jaswa A. Knehans A. Worster B. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cannabis use, and the endocannabinoid system: A scoping review. Dev. Psychobiol. 2024 66 7 22540 10.1002/dev.22540 39267530
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Notzon D.P. Pavlicova M. Glass A. Mariani J.J. Mahony A.L. Brooks D.J. Levin F.R. ADHD Is highly prevalent in patients seeking treatment for cannabis use disorders. J. Atten. Disord. 2020 24 11 1487 1492 10.1177/1087054716640109 27033880
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Francisco A.P. Lethbridge G. Patterson B. Goldman Bergmann C. Van Ameringen M. Cannabis use in attention - Deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A scoping review. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2023 157 239 256 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.029 36508935
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Cooper R.E. Williams E. Seegobin S. Tye C. Kuntsi J. Asherson P. Cannabinoids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomised-controlled trial. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 27 8 795 808 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.05.005 28576350
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Mazza J.A.S. Ferreira L.S. Martins-Vieira A.F. Beserra D.D.L. Rodrigues V.A. Malcher-Lopes R. Caixeta F.V. Clinical and family implications of cannabidiol (cbd)-dominant full-spectrum phytocannabinoid extract in children and adolescents with moderate to severe non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD): An observational study on neurobehavioral management. Pharmaceuticals 2024 17 6 686 10.3390/ph17060686 38931353
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Montagner P.S.S. Medeiros W. da Silva L.C.R. Borges C.N. Brasil-Neto J. de Deus Silva Barbosa V. Caixeta F.V. Malcher-Lopes R. Individually tailored dosage regimen of full-spectrum Cannabis extracts for autistic core and comorbid symptoms: A real-life report of multi-symptomatic benefits. Front. Psychiatry 2023 14 1210155 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1210155 37671290
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Fleury-Teixeira P. Caixeta F.V. Ramires da Silva L.C. Brasil-Neto J.P. Malcher-Lopes R. Effects of cbd-enriched cannabis sativa extract on autism spectrum disorder symptoms: An observational study of 18 participants undergoing compassionate use. Front. Neurol. 2019 10 OCT 1145 10.3389/fneur.2019.01145 31736860
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Tahıllıoğlu A. Bilaç Ö. Uysal T. Ercan E.S. Who predict ADHD with better diagnostic accuracy?: Parents or teachers? Nord. J. Psychiatry 2021 75 3 214 223 10.1080/08039488.2020.1867634 33612071
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Kennerley S. Jaquiery B. Hatch B. Healey M. Wheeler B.J. Healey D. Informant discrepancies in the assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Psychoed. Assess. 2018 36 2 136 147 10.1177/0734282916670797
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Murray A.L. Speyer L.G. Hall H.A. Valdebenito S. Hughes C. Teacher versus parent informant measurement invariance of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2021 46 10 1249 1257 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab062 34333621
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Rodriguez C.E.B. Ouyang L. Kandasamy R. Antinociceptive effects of minor cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids in Cannabis. Behav. Pharmacol. 2022 33 130 157 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000627 33709984
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Zhang Q. Melchert P.W. Markowitz J.S. Pharmacokinetic variability of oral cannabidiol and its major metabolites after short-term high-dose exposure in healthy subjects. Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids 2024 7 1 1 9 10.1159/000535726 38292071
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Jiang R. Yamaori S. Takeda S. Yamamoto I. Watanabe K. Identification of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for metabolism of cannabidiol by human liver microsomes. Life Sci. 2011 89 5-6 165 170 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.05.018 21704641
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Davis B.H. Beasley T.M. Amaral M. Szaflarski J.P. Gaston T. Perry Grayson L. Standaert D.G. Bebin E.M. Limdi N.A. Pharmacogenetic predictors of cannabidiol response and tolerability in treatment-resistant epilepsy. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021 110 5 1368 1380 10.1002/cpt.2408 34464454
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Shrader S.H. Mellen N. Cai J. Barnes G.N. Song Z.H. Cannabidiol is a behavioral modulator in BTBR mouse model of idiopathic autism. Front. Neurosci. 2024 18 1359810 10.3389/fnins.2024.1359810 38784096
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X390368251014072051
Loading
CBD-Rich Cannabis Therapy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder May Improve Symptoms of Hyperactivity and Attention Deficit: An Open-Label Study
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/011570159X390368251014072051
/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X390368251014072051
/content/journals/cn/10.2174/011570159X390368251014072051
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: Medical cannabis ; CBD-Rich Cannabis Therapy ; Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ; Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) ; emotional regulation ; Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test