Skip to content
2000
Volume 20, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-4056
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6603
file format pdf download PDF
side by side viewer icon HTML

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma with extrarenal fat (perinephric or renal sinus fat) and renal vein invasion is the main evidence for the T3a stage according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system. Extrarenal fat invasion of renal cell carcinoma is defined as the presence of perinephric fat invasion or renal sinus fat invasion. Renal vein invasion is defined as the presence of main or segmental (branch) renal vein invasion. Accurate assessment of extrarenal fat and renal vein invasion is crucial for urologists to adopt the optimal therapeutic schedule, including radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing treatments. Currently, imaging is still the most widely used means of examination for diagnosis and staging of renal cell carcinoma, especially multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Therefore, we have, herein, summarized the latest progress and the future direction regarding imaging for assessing perinephric or renal sinus fat and renal vein invasion of renal cell carcinoma to assist clinical treatment selection and patient risk stratification.

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Bentham Science Publisher.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cmir/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624
2024-01-01
2025-09-12

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cmir/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/cmir/20/1/CMIR-20-E15734056243669.html?itemId=/content/journals/cmir/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. SungH. FerlayJ. SiegelR.L. LaversanneM. SoerjomataramI. JemalA. BrayF. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries.CA Cancer J. Clin.202171320924910.3322/caac.2166033538338
     [Google Scholar]
  2. MochH. CubillaA.L. HumphreyP.A. ReuterV.E. UlbrightT.M. The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs—part A: Renal, penile, and testicular tumours.Eur. Urol.20167019310510.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.02926935559
     [Google Scholar]
  3. BamiasA. EscudierB. SternbergC.N. ZagouriF. DellisA. DjavanB. TzannisK. KontovinisL. StravodimosK. PapatsorisA. MitropoulosD. DeliveliotisC. DimopoulosM.A. ConstantinidesC.A. Current clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and critical evaluation.Oncologist201722666767910.1634/theoncologist.2016‑043528592625
     [Google Scholar]
  4. ThompsonR.H. BoorjianS.A. LohseC.M. LeibovichB.C. KwonE.D. ChevilleJ.C. BluteM.L. Radical nephrectomy for pT1a renal masses may be associated with decreased overall survival compared with partial nephrectomy.J. Urol.2008179246847310.1016/j.juro.2007.09.07718076931
     [Google Scholar]
  5. MillerD.C. SchonlauM. LitwinM.S. LaiJ. SaigalC.S. Urologic Diseases in America Project Renal and cardiovascular morbidity after partial or radical nephrectomy.Cancer2008112351152010.1002/cncr.2321818072263
     [Google Scholar]
  6. CapitanioU. TerroneC. AntonelliA. MinerviniA. VolpeA. FurlanM. MatloobR. RegisF. FioriC. PorpigliaF. Di TrapaniE. ZaccheroM. SerniS. SaloniaA. CariniM. SimeoneC. MontorsiF. BertiniR. Nephron-sparing techniques independently decrease the risk of cardiovascular events relative to radical nephrectomy in patients with a T1a-T1b renal mass and normal preoperative renal function.Eur. Urol.201567468368910.1016/j.eururo.2014.09.02725282367
     [Google Scholar]
  7. CatalanoC. FraioliF. LaghiA. NapoliA. PediconiF. DantiM. NardisP. PassarielloR. High-resolution multidetector CT in the preoperative evaluation of patients with renal cell carcinoma.AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.200318051271127710.2214/ajr.180.5.180127112704036
     [Google Scholar]
  8. RenardA.S. NedelcuC. PaisantA. SaulnierP. Le BigotJ. AzzouziA.R. BigotP. AubéC. Is multidetector CT-scan able to detect T3a renal tumor before surgery?Scand. J. Urol.201953535035510.1080/21681805.2019.167575631607203
     [Google Scholar]
  9. LandmanJ. ParkJ.Y. ZhaoC. BakerM. HofmannM. HelmyM. LallC. BozoghlanianM. OkhunovZ. Preoperative computed tomography assessment for perinephric fat invasion.J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.201741570270710.1097/RCT.000000000000058828296683
     [Google Scholar]
  10. GuzzoT.J. PierorazioP.M. SchaefferE.M. FishmanE.K. AllafM.E. The accuracy of multidetector computerized tomography for evaluating tumor thrombus in patients with renal cell carcinoma.J. Urol.2009181248649110.1016/j.juro.2008.10.04019100567
     [Google Scholar]
  11. SurabhiV.R. MeniasC. PrasadS.R. PatelA.H. NagarA. DalrympleN.C. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic proliferative disorders of the perirenal space: cross-sectional imaging findings.Radiographics20082841005101710.1148/rg.28407515718635626
     [Google Scholar]
  12. ShethS. ScatarigeJ.C. HortonK.M. CorlF.M. FishmanE.K. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma: Role of multidetector ct and three-dimensional CT.Radiographics200121Spec NoSuppl. 1S237S25410.1148/radiographics.21.suppl_1.g01oc18s23711598260
     [Google Scholar]
  13. TsiliA.C. GoussiaA.C. BaltogiannisD. AstrakasL. SofikitisN. Malamou-MitsiV. ArgyropoulouM.I. Perirenal fat invasion on renal cell carcinoma: Evaluation with multidetector computed tomography-multivariate analysis.J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.201337345045710.1097/RCT.0b013e318283bc8e23674020
     [Google Scholar]
  14. DamgaciL. OzerH. RonaG. Diagnostic value of MDCT in determining the perinephric fat tissue and renal sinus invasion in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Niger. J. Clin. Pract.202124448949510.4103/njcp.njcp_242_2033851669
     [Google Scholar]
  15. KimC. ChoiH.J. ChoK.S. Diagnostic performance of multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of perinephric fat invasion in renal cell carcinoma patients.J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.201438226827310.1097/RCT.0b013e3182aa672a24448501
     [Google Scholar]
  16. HedgireS.S. ElmiA. NadkarniN.D. CaoK. McDermottS. HarisinghaniM.G. Preoperative evaluation of perinephric fat invasion in patients with renal cell carcinoma: correlation with pathological findings.Clin. Imaging2013371919610.1016/j.clinimag.2012.03.00523206613
     [Google Scholar]
  17. HricakH. DemasB.E. WilliamsR.D. McNamaraM.T. HedgcockM.W. AmparoE.G. TanaghoE.A. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and staging of renal and perirenal neoplasms.Radiology1985154370971510.1148/radiology.154.3.39694753969475
     [Google Scholar]
  18. RoyC.Sr El GhaliS. BuyX. LindnerV. LangH. SaussineC. JacqminD. Significance of the pseudocapsule on MRI of renal neoplasms and its potential application for local staging: A retrospective study.AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.2005184111312010.2214/ajr.184.1.0184011315615960
     [Google Scholar]
  19. ZhangH. WuY. XueW. ZuoP. OesingmannN. GanQ. HuangZ. WuM. HuF. KuangM. SongB. Arterial spin labelling MRI for detecting pseudocapsule defects and predicting renal capsule invasion in renal cell carcinoma.Clin. Radiol.2017721193694310.1016/j.crad.2017.06.00328673449
     [Google Scholar]
  20. KimJ.H. ParkK.J. KimM.H. KimJ.K. Preoperative assessment of renal sinus invasion by renal cell carcinoma according to tumor complexity and imaging features in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy.Korean J. Radiol.20212281323133110.3348/kjr.2020.098434047502
     [Google Scholar]
  21. WilliamsonS.R. RaoP. HesO. EpsteinJ.I. SmithS.C. PickenM.M. ZhouM. TretiakovaM.S. TickooS.K. ChenY.B. ReuterV.E. FlemingS. MacleanF.M. GuptaN.S. KurodaN. DelahuntB. MehraR. PrzybycinC.G. ChengL. EbleJ.N. GrignonD.J. MochH. LopezJ.I. KunjuL.P. TamboliP. SrigleyJ.R. AminM.B. MartignoniG. HirschM.S. BonsibS.M. TrpkovK. Challenges in pathologic staging of renal cell carcinoma.Am. J. Surg. Pathol.20184291253126110.1097/PAS.000000000000108729878933
     [Google Scholar]
  22. BolsterF. DurcanL. BarrettC. LawlerL.P. CroninC.G. Renal cell carcinoma.J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.201640685185510.1097/RCT.000000000000044827331926
     [Google Scholar]
  23. SokhiH.K. MokW.Y. PatelU. Stage T3a renal cell carcinoma: Staging accuracy of CT for sinus fat, perinephric fat or renal vein invasion.Br. J. Radiol.20158810452014050410.1259/bjr.2014050425410425
     [Google Scholar]
  24. KimC. ChoiH.J. ChoK.S. Diagnostic value of multidetector computed tomography for renal sinus fat invasion in renal cell carcinoma patients.Eur. J. Radiol.201483691491810.1016/j.ejrad.2014.02.02524713489
     [Google Scholar]
  25. MarshallF.F. The renal sinus is the principal invasive pathway: A prospective study of 100 renal cell carcinomas.J. Urol.2005174248348410.1097/01.ju.0000170952.36387.d616006869
     [Google Scholar]
  26. NazimS.M. AtherM.H. HafeezK. SalamB. Accuracy of multidetector CT scans in staging of renal carcinoma.Int. J. Surg.201191869010.1016/j.ijsu.2010.07.30420937417
     [Google Scholar]
  27. HallscheidtP.J. BockM. RiedaschG. ZunaI. SchoenbergS.O. AutschbachF. SoderM. NoeldgeG. Diagnostic accuracy of staging renal cell carcinomas using multidetector-row computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: A prospective study with histopathologic correlation.J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.200428333333910.1097/00004728‑200405000‑0000515100536
     [Google Scholar]
  28. KarloC.A. DonatiO.F. MariglianoC. TickooS.K. HricakH. RussoP. AkinO. Role of CT in the assessment of muscular venous branch invasion in patients with renal cell carcinoma.AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.2013201484785210.2214/AJR.12.1049624059374
     [Google Scholar]
  29. KarloC.A. Di PaoloP.L. DonatiO.F. RussoP. TickooS. HricakH. AkinO. Renal cell carcinoma: Role of MR imaging in the assessment of muscular venous branch invasion.Radiology2013267245445910.1148/radiol.1312155523418001
     [Google Scholar]
  30. UcerO. MuezzinogluT. OzdenE. AslanG. IzolV. BayazitY. AltanM. AkdoganB. OzenH. SozenS. CetinS. SuerE. EsenB. BaltaciS. Members of Urooncology Association How accurate is radiological imaging for perirenal fat and renal vein invasion in renal cell carcinoma?Int. J. Clin. Pract.2021759e1435910.1111/ijcp.1435933974338
     [Google Scholar]
  31. TürkvatanA. AkdurP.O. AltinelM. OlçerT. TurhanN. CumhurT. AkinciS. OzkulF. Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with multidetector CT.Diagn. Interv. Radiol.2009151223019263370
     [Google Scholar]
  32. WuY KwonYS LabibM ForanDJ SingerEA Magnetic resonance imaging as a biomarker for renal cell carcinoma.Dis Markers2015201510.1155/2015/648495
     [Google Scholar]
  33. FrankR.A. DawitH. BossuytP.M.M. LeeflangM. FloodT.A. BreauR.H. McInnesM.D.F. SchiedaN. Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for solid renal masses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging20235741172118410.1002/jmri.2839736054467
     [Google Scholar]
  34. KalinkaA. GerlachA. ArlartI.P. GünesN. HauserT.K. WürstlinS. BosseA. [Characterization and staging of renal tumors: Significance of MRI diagnostics].Röfo Fortschr. Geb. Röntgenstr. Neuen Bildgeb. Verfahr.2006178329830510.1055/s‑2005‑85903016508837
     [Google Scholar]
  35. TeishimaJ. HayashiT. KitanoH. SadahideK. SekinoY. GotoK. InoueS. HondaY. SentaniK. AwaiK. YasuiW. MatsubaraA. Impact of radiological morphology of clinical T1 renal cell carcinoma on the prediction of upstaging to pathological T3.Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol.202050447347810.1093/jjco/hyz15432100866
     [Google Scholar]
  36. KamelI.R. HochmanM.G. KeoganM.T. EngJ. LongmaidH.E.III DeWolfW. EdelmanR.R. Accuracy of breath-hold magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative staging of organ-confined renal cell carcinoma.J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr.200428332733210.1097/00004728‑200405000‑0000415100535
     [Google Scholar]
  37. AdamS.Z. RabinowichA. KessnerR. BlacharA. Spectral CT of the abdomen: Where are we now?Insights Imaging202112113810.1186/s13244‑021‑01082‑734580788
     [Google Scholar]
  38. MarinD. BollD.T. MiletoA. NelsonR.C. State of the art: Dual-energy CT of the abdomen.Radiology2014271232734210.1148/radiol.1413148024761954
     [Google Scholar]
  39. MiletoA. AllenB.C. PietrygaJ.A. FarjatA.E. ZarzourJ.G. BelliniD. EbnerL. MorganD.E. Characterization of incidental renal mass with dual-energy CT: Diagnostic accuracy of effective atomic number maps for discriminating nonenhancing cysts from enhancing masses.AJR Am. J. Roentgenol.20172094W221W23010.2214/AJR.16.1732528705069
     [Google Scholar]
  40. WuJ. LvY. WangN. ZhaoY. ZhangP. LiuY. ChenA. LiJ. LiX. GuoY. WuT. LiuA. The value of single-source dual-energy CT imaging for discriminating microsatellite instability from microsatellite stability human colorectal cancer.Eur. Radiol.20192973782379010.1007/s00330‑019‑06144‑530903331
     [Google Scholar]
  41. RenT. ZhangW. LiS. DengL. XueC. LiZ. LiuS. SunJ. ZhouJ. Combination of clinical and spectral-CT parameters for predicting lymphovascular and perineural invasion in gastric cancer.Diagn. Interv. Imaging20221031258459310.1016/j.diii.2022.07.00435934616
     [Google Scholar]
  42. YangX. HuH. ZhangF. LiD. YangZ. ShiG. LuG. JiangY. YangL. WangY. DuanX. ShenJ. Preoperative prediction of the aggressiveness of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma with quantitative parameters from dual-energy computed tomography.Front. Oncol.20221290447110.3389/fonc.2022.90447135814448
     [Google Scholar]
  43. YangC. ZhangS. JiaY. YuY. DuanH. ZhangX. MaG. RenC. YuN. Dual energy spectral CT imaging for the evaluation of small hepatocellular carcinoma microvascular invasion.Eur. J. Radiol.20179522222710.1016/j.ejrad.2017.08.02228987671
     [Google Scholar]
  44. YangL. GaoL. ArefanD. TanY. DanH. ZhangJ. A CT-based radiomics model for predicting renal capsule invasion in renal cell carcinoma.BMC Med. Imaging20222211510.1186/s12880‑022‑00741‑535094674
     [Google Scholar]
  45. DemirjianN.L. VargheseB.A. CenS.Y. HwangD.H. AronM. SiddiquiI. FieldsB.K.K. LeiX. YapF.Y. RivasM. ReddyS.S. ZahoorH. LiuD.H. DesaiM. RhieS.K. GillI.S. DuddalwarV. CT-based radiomics stratification of tumor grade and TNM stage of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Eur. Radiol.20223242552256310.1007/s00330‑021‑08344‑434757449
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cmir/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624
Loading
The Value of Radiological Imaging in Assessing Extrarenal Fat and Renal Vein Invasion in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Curr. Med. Imaging 20, e15734056243669 (2024); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624
/content/journals/cmir/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624
/content/journals/cmir/10.2174/0115734056243669231018072624
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Computed tomography; MDCT; Perinephric fat invasion; Radiological imaging; Renal cell carcinoma; Renal sinus fat invasion

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test