s Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Metabolic Complications, & the Natural Course of CKD in Children

The survival rates of children with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) are significantly lower when compared with general pediatric population. As in adults, cardiovascular disease, infectious risks, uremia-related complications, and metabolic derangements contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. The last 30 years have brought significant advances in our understanding of pediatric chronic kidney disease. However, many approaches to management are still based upon findings described in the adult population. In order to optimize our approach to management and treatment, it is necessary to recognize pediatric CKD as an entity separate from adult CKD in its etiology, pathophysiology, and long-term consequences.