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2000
Volume 21, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 1573-4021
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6506

Abstract

Introduction

Dihydropyridine-calcium channel blockers (DHP-CCBs) are effective first-line blood pressure-lowering agents for primary hypertension. However, data comparing the variations in efficacy and safety between different types of DHP-CCBs are scarce.

Aims and Objectives

This study aimed to summarize the latest evidence on the benefits and harms of seven DHP-CCBs (amlodipine, levamlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine, nitrendipine, nifedipine, and benidipine).

Methods

A meta-analysis of DHP-CCBs was carried out to explore differences in efficacy and safety. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases from inception to September, 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing DHP-CCBs. The main outcomes were blood pressure lowering and adverse events (AEs) during treatment.

Results

We included 181 RCTs (21,383 patients) in this analysis. In terms of efficacy, levamlodipine ranked highest in reducing office blood pressure (surface under the cumulative ranking systolic blood pressure = 80.81%, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) = 82.42%) and 24-h ambulatory DBP (98.07%). Felodipine had the highest probability of reducing 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (80.65%). Regarding safety, levamlodipine had the least impact on heart rate (85.71%). In terms of AEs, benidipine had the highest rate for cardiovascular (86.58%) and digestive system (93.57%) AEs. Nifedipine and amlodipine had the highest rates of central (80.65%) and peripheral nervous system (83.28%) AEs, respectively. Levamlodipine exhibited significantly lower rates of total AEs (1.24%), central nervous system AEs (1.28%), and cardiovascular system AEs (3.62%) than the other interventions.

Conclusion

In the office setting, levamlodipine may be the best treatment for primary hypertension, and lacidipine shows good safety.

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2025-09-25
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