Low-level Viremia in Treated HIV-1 Infected Patients: Advances and Challenges

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively suppress HIV-1 replication, improving quality of life and restoring the lifespan of persons living with HIV (PLWH) to near-normal levels. However, after standardized ART, a low level of HIV-1 RNA, i.e., low-level viremia (LLV), may still be identified in 3% to 10% of the patients. LLV is capable of impacting the immunological and clinical outcomes of patients and serves as a risk factor for transmission. The underlying mechanism of LLV is not yet certain, and the effects of LLV on patient outcomes remain under evaluation. Understanding LLV will allow effective prevention and control strategies to be designed for the benefit of PLWH.