Current Genomics - Volume 21, Issue 6, 2020
Volume 21, Issue 6, 2020
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Host Plant Strategies to Combat Against Viruses Effector Proteins
Authors: Avinash Marwal and Rajarshi K. GaurViruses are obligate parasites that exist in an inactive state until they enter the host body. Upon entry, viruses become active and start replicating by using the host cell machinery. All plant viruses can augment their transmission, thus powering their detrimental effects on the host plant. To diminish infection and diseases caused by viruses, the plant has a defence mechanism known as pathogenesis- related biochemicals, which are metabolites and proteins. Proteins that ultimately prevent pathogenic diseases are called R proteins. Several plant R genes (that confirm resistance) and avirulence protein (Avr) (pathogen Avr gene-encoded proteins [effector/elicitor proteins involved in pathogenicity]) molecules have been identified. The recognition of such a factor results in the plant defence mechanism. During plant viral infection, the replication and expression of a viral molecule lead to a series of a hypersensitive response (HR) and affect the host plant’s immunity (pathogen-associated molecular pattern–triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity). Avr protein renders the host RNA silencing mechanism and its innate immunity, chiefly known as silencing suppressors towards the plant defensive machinery. This is a strong reply to the plant defensive machinery by harmful plant viruses. In this review, we describe the plant pathogen resistance protein and how these proteins regulate host immunity during plant–virus interactions. Furthermore, we have discussed regarding ribosome- inactivating proteins, ubiquitin proteasome system, translation repression (nuclear shuttle protein interacting kinase 1), DNA methylation, dominant resistance genes, and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, which are crucial in antiviral defences.
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Omics Insight on Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat for Translational Research Perspective
Authors: Basavaraj Teli, Jyotika Purohit, Md. M. Rashid, A. A. K. Jailani and Anirudha ChattopadhyayIn the scenario of global warming and climate change, an outbreak of new pests and pathogens has become a serious concern owing to the rapid emergence of arms races, their epidemic infection, and the ability to break down host resistance, etc. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one such evidence that depredates major cereals throughout the world. The symptomatological perplexity and aetiological complexity make this disease very severe, engendering significant losses in the yield. Apart from qualitative and quantitative losses, mycotoxin production solemnly deteriorates the grain quality in addition to life endangerment of humans and animals after consumption of toxified grains above the permissible limit. To minimize this risk, we must be very strategic in designing sustainable management practices constituting cultural, biological, chemical, and host resistance approaches. Even though genetic resistance is the most effective and environmentally safe strategy, a huge genetic variation and unstable resistance response limit the holistic deployment of resistance genes in FHB management. Thus, the focus must shift towards the editing of susceptible (S) host proteins that are soft targets of newly evolving effector molecules, which ultimately could be exploited to repress the disease development process. Hence, we must understand the pathological, biochemical, and molecular insight of disease development in a nutshell. In the present time, the availability of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics information on host-pathogen interaction in FHB have constructed various networks which helped in understanding the pathogenesis and coherent host response(s). So now translation of this information for designing of host defense in the form of desirable resistant variety/ genotype is the next step. The insights collected and presented in this review will be aiding in the understanding of the disease and apprise a solution to the multi-faceted problems which are related to FHB resistance in wheat and other cereals to ensure global food safety and food security.
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Understanding the Plant-microbe Interactions in CRISPR/Cas9 Era: Indeed a Sprinting Start in Marathon
Authors: Seenichamy R. Prabhukarthikeyan, Chidambaranathan Parameswaran, Umapathy Keerthana, Basavaraj Teli, Prasanth T. K. Jagannadham, Balasubramaniasai Cayalvizhi, Periyasamy Panneerselvam, Ansuman Senapati, Krishnan Nagendran, Shweta Kumari, Manoj Kumar Yadav, Sundaram Aravindan and Samantaray SanghamitraPlant-microbe interactions can be either beneficial or harmful depending on the nature of the interaction. Multifaceted benefits of plant-associated microbes in crops are well documented. Specifically, the management of plant diseases using beneficial microbes is considered to be eco-friendly and the best alternative for sustainable agriculture. Diseases caused by various phytopathogens are responsible for a significant reduction in crop yield and cause substantial economic losses globally. In an ecosystem, there is always an equally daunting challenge for the establishment of disease and development of resistance by pathogens and plants, respectively. In particular, comprehending the complete view of the complex biological systems of plant-pathogen interactions, co-evolution and plant growth promotions (PGP) at both genetic and molecular levels requires novel approaches to decipher the function of genes involved in their interaction. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a fast, emerging, precise, ecofriendly and efficient tool to address the challenges in agriculture and decipher plant-microbe interaction in crops. Nowadays, the CRISPR/Cas9 approach is receiving major attention in the field of functional genomics and crop improvement. Consequently, the present review updates the prevailing knowledge in the deployment of CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to understand plant-microbe interactions, genes edited for the development of fungal, bacterial and viral disease resistance, to elucidate the nodulation processes, plant growth promotion, and future implications in agriculture. Further, CRISPR/Cas9 would be a new tool for the management of plant diseases and increasing productivity for climate resilience farming.
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The Association of Sleep Disorders, Obesity and Sleep-Related Hypoxia with Cancer
Background: Sleep disorders have emerged as potential cancer risk factors. Objective: This review discusses the relationships between sleep, obesity, and breathing disorders with concomitant risks of developing cancer. Results: Sleep disorders result in abnormal expression of clock genes, decreased immunity, and melatonin release disruption. Therefore, these disorders may contribute to cancer development. Moreover, in sleep breathing disorder, which is frequently experienced by obese persons, the sufferer experiences intermittent hypoxia that may stimulate cancer cell proliferation. Discussion: During short- or long- duration sleep, sleep-wake rhythm disruption may occur. Insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea increase cancer risks. In short sleepers, an increased risk of stomach cancer, esophageal squamous cell cancer, and breast cancer was observed. Among long sleepers (>9 hours), the risk of some hematologic malignancies is elevated. Conclusion: Several factors including insomnia, circadian disruption, obesity, and intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea are contributing risk factors for increased risk of several types of cancers. However, further studies are needed to determine the more significant of these risk factors and their interactions.
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Evolution of Sequence-based Bioinformatics Tools for Protein-protein Interaction Prediction
Authors: Mst. S. Khatun, Watshara Shoombuatong, Md. Mehedi Hasan and Hiroyuki KurataProtein-protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical connections between two or more proteins via electrostatic forces or hydrophobic effects. Identification of the PPIs is pivotal, which contributes to many biological processes including protein function, disease incidence, and therapy design. The experimental identification of PPIs via high-throughput technology is time-consuming and expensive. Bioinformatics approaches are expected to solve such restrictions. In this review, our main goal is to provide an inclusive view of the existing sequence-based computational prediction of PPIs. Initially, we briefly introduce the currently available PPI databases and then review the state-of-the-art bioinformatics approaches, working principles, and their performances. Finally, we discuss the caveats and future perspective of the next generation algorithms for the prediction of PPIs.
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Updated Understanding of the Degenerative Disc Diseases - Causes Versus Effects - Treatments, Studies and Hypothesis
Authors: Cristian Muresanu, Siva G. Somasundaram, Margarita E. Neganova, Elena V. Bovina, Sergey V. Vissarionov, Okom N.F.C. Ofodile, Vladimir P. Fisenko, Valentin Bragin, Nina N. Minyaeva, Vladimir N. Chubarev, Sergey G. Klochkov, Vadim V. Tarasov, Liudmila M. Mikhaleva, Cecil E. Kirkland and Gjumrakch AlievBackground: In this review we survey medical treatments and research strategies, and we discuss why they have failed to cure degenerative disc diseases or even slow down the degenerative process. Objective: We seek to stimulate discussion with respect to changing the medical paradigm associated with treatments and research applied to degenerative disc diseases. Method Proposal: We summarize a Biological Transformation therapy for curing chronic inflammations and degenerative disc diseases, as was previously described in the book Biological Transformations controlled by the Mind Volume 1. Preliminary Studies: A single-patient case study is presented that documents complete recovery from an advanced lumbar bilateral discopathy and long-term hypertrophic chronic rhinitis by application of the method proposed. Conclusion: Biological transformations controlled by the mind can be applied by men and women in order to improve their quality of life and cure degenerative disc diseases and chronic inflammations illnesses.
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Volumes & issues
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Volume 26 (2025)
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Volume 25 (2024)
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Volume 24 (2023)
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Volume 23 (2022)
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Volume 22 (2021)
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Volume 21 (2020)
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Volume 20 (2019)
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Volume 19 (2018)
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Volume 18 (2017)
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Volume 17 (2016)
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Volume 16 (2015)
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Volume 15 (2014)
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Volume 14 (2013)
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Volume 13 (2012)
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Volume 12 (2011)
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Volume 11 (2010)
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Volume 10 (2009)
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Volume 9 (2008)
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Volume 8 (2007)
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Volume 7 (2006)
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Volume 6 (2005)
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Volume 5 (2004)
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Volume 4 (2003)
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Volume 3 (2002)
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Volume 2 (2001)
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Volume 1 (2000)
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