Skip to content
2000
Volume 21, Issue 10
  • ISSN: 1573-3998
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6417
file format text download EPUB
file format pdf download PDF
side by side viewer icon HTML

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess how the lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic had affected the glycaemic control of adolescents aged 10-19 with type 1 diabetes.

Methods

A comprehensive search of literature was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest. Published articles up to September 2022 were included. The Glucose Monitoring Index (GMI) and HbA1c level were defined as outcome variables. Average glucose level was found to be a common variable in both HbA1c levels and GMI; therefore, HbA1c and GMI were converted to average glucose (mg/dL) using appropriate formulas. Studies reported the outcomes in two or three periods (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and post-lockdown) were included in the analysis. A paired wise meta-analysis was performed among the studies that reported all three periods. Homogeneity across studies was assessed using statistic.

Results

Fourteen studies were included in the study. The pooled average glucose during the lockdown decreased to 166.9 mg/dL (95% CI, 153.78, 180.02) from 205.793 mg/dL (95% CI, 188.412, 223.173) during the pre-lockdown period, then it increased to 204.23 mg/dL (95% CI, 186.17, 222.29) during the post-lockdown period. A paired wise meta-analysis indicated a reduction in average glucose levels. However, it was not statistically significant, possibly due to the small number of studies that reported data from all three periods.

Conclusion

Although the descriptive analysis of our study showed that the lockdown had affected (decreased) the average glucose level among adolescents with type 1 diabetes, this was not statistically significant in the pooled analysis.

© 2025 The Author(s).
Published by Bentham Science Publishers. This is an open access article published under CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326
2024-10-02
2025-09-10

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/cdr/21/10/CDR-21-10-09.html?itemId=/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. DeFronzoR. FerranniniE. ZimmetP. AlbertiG. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus.4th edChichester, U.K.John Wiley and Sons201510.1002/9781118387658
     [Google Scholar]
  2. GregoryG.A. RobinsonT.I.G. LinklaterS.E. Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: A modelling study.Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol.2022101074176010.1016/S2213‑8587(22)00218‑2 36113507
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Adolescent health and development https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/development/en
  4. CoffenR.D. The 600-step program for type 1 diabetes self-management in youth: The magnitude of the self-management task.Postgrad. Med.2009121511913910.3810/pgm.2009.09.2059 19820281
     [Google Scholar]
  5. EriksonE. Identity and the Life Cycle.London, U.K.Norton and Company1980
     [Google Scholar]
  6. SteinbergL. Cognitive and affective development in adolescence.Trends Cogn. Sci.200592697410.1016/j.tics.2004.12.005 15668099
     [Google Scholar]
  7. ColemanJ.C. The Nature of Adolescence.4th edLondon, U.K.Routledge201110.4324/9780203805633
     [Google Scholar]
  8. ClementsM.A. FosterN.C. MaahsD.M. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) changes over time among adolescent and young adult participants in the T1D exchange clinic registry.Pediatr. Diabetes201617532733610.1111/pedi.12295 26153338
     [Google Scholar]
  9. PetittiDB KlingensmithGJ BellRA J Pediatr2009155566872.e1-3
     [Google Scholar]
  10. TfayliH. ArslanianS. The challenge of adolescence: Hormonal changes and sensitivity to insulin.Diabetes Voice2007522830
     [Google Scholar]
  11. GieddJ.N. RapoportJ.L. Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: What have we learned and where are we going?Neuron201067572873410.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.040 20826305
     [Google Scholar]
  12. SiskC.L. ZehrJ.L. Pubertal hormones organize the adolescent brain and behavior.Front. Neuroendocrinol.2005263-416317410.1016/j.yfrne.2005.10.003 16309736
     [Google Scholar]
  13. PengM. Outbreak of COVID-19: An emerging global pandemic threat.Biomed. Pharmacother.202012911049910.1016/j.biopha.2020.110499 32768974
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19).2021Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
  15. LeidmanE. DucaL.M. OmuraJ.D. COVID-19 trends among persons aged 0–24 years—United States, March 1–December 12, 2020.MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.2021703889410.15585/mmwr.mm7003e1 33476314
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Child mortality and COVID-19.2023Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/covid-19/
  17. ShenoyA. IsmailyM. BajajM. Diabetes and covid-19: A global health challenge.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care202081e00145010.1136/bmjdrc‑2020‑001450 32345580
     [Google Scholar]
  18. IughettiL. TrevisaniV. CattiniU. COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes: Concerns and challenges.Acta Biomed.2020913e2020033 32921727
     [Google Scholar]
  19. CognigniM. D’AgostinM. SchiulazI. HbA1c and BMI after lockdown for COVID‐19 in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Acta Paediatr.202111072206220710.1111/apa.15838 33709538
     [Google Scholar]
  20. LawrenceN.R. NatarajanA. PetkarR. JosephL. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control in young people with type 1 diabetes: A retrospective review at a large teaching hospital.Diabetes Care202010217
     [Google Scholar]
  21. ChengH.P. WongJ.S.L. SelveindranN.M. HongJ.Y.H. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycaemic control and lifestyle changes in children and adolescents with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Endocrine202173349950610.1007/s12020‑021‑02810‑1 34244903
     [Google Scholar]
  22. TuranH. Güneş KayaD. TarçınG. EvliyaoğluS.O. Effect of the COVID-19 quarantine on metabolic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr. (Engl. Ed.)202269320120810.1016/j.endien.2022.02.014 35396118
     [Google Scholar]
  23. MoherD. ShamseerL. ClarkeM. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.Syst. Rev.201541110.1186/2046‑4053‑4‑1 25554246
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Critical appraisal tools.2022Available from: https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools
  25. RohlfingC.L. WiedmeyerH.M. LittleR.R. Defining the relationship between plasma glucose and HbA(1c): Analysis of glucose profiles and HbA(1c) in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial.Diabetes Care200225227527810.2337/diacare.25.2.275 11815495
     [Google Scholar]
  26. BergenstalR.M. BeckR.W. CloseK.L. Glucose management indicator (GMI): A new term for estimating A1C from continuous glucose monitoring.Diabetes Care201841112275228010.2337/dc18‑1581 30224348
     [Google Scholar]
  27. DeeksJ.J. HigginsJ.P.T. AltmanD.G. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.6.4 ed.Cochrane Library2022
     [Google Scholar]
  28. DuarteV. MotaB. FerreiraS. CostaC. CorreiaC.C. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.Arch. Pediatr.2022291272910.1016/j.arcped.2021.11.008 34955306
     [Google Scholar]
  29. ElhenawyY.I. EltonbaryK.Y. Glycemic control among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt: A pilot study.Int. J. Diabetes Dev. Ctries.202141338939510.1007/s13410‑021‑00968‑y 34257483
     [Google Scholar]
  30. KerenM.G. LewinsohnT.P. DavidM. Exacerbation of disordered eating behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Acta Diabetol.202259798198310.1007/s00592‑022‑01867‑2 35253109
     [Google Scholar]
  31. KofoedP.E. TimmS. The impact of COVID‐19 lockdown on glycaemic control and use of health services among children followed at a Danish diabetes clinic.Acta Paediatr.2022111236837510.1111/apa.16128 34586678
     [Google Scholar]
  32. MinutoN. BassiM. MontobbioC. The effect of lockdown and physical activity on glycemic control in Italian children and young patients with type 1 diabetes.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20211269022210.3389/fendo.2021.690222 34326814
     [Google Scholar]
  33. SarıkayaE. ÇiçekD. GökE. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes: A single-center experience.J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.202235219119510.1515/jpem‑2021‑0509 34561974
     [Google Scholar]
  34. ShahN. KarguppikarM. BhorS. Impact of lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic in Indian children and youth with type 1 diabetes from different socio-economic classes.J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.202134221722310.1515/jpem‑2020‑0460 33185578
     [Google Scholar]
  35. NwosuB.U. Al-HalbouniL. ParajuliS. COVID-19 pandemic and pediatric type 1 Diabetes: No significant change in glycemic control during the pandemic Lockdown of 2020.Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)20211270390510.3389/fendo.2021.703905 34447352
     [Google Scholar]
  36. CeconiV. BarbiE. TorneseG. Glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus and COVID‐19 lockdown: What comes after a “quarantine”?J. Diabetes2020121294694810.1111/1753‑0407.13110 32909344
     [Google Scholar]
  37. CusinatoM. MartinoM. SartoriA. Anxiety, depression, and glycemic control during COVID-19 pandemic in youths with type 1 diabetes.J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab.20213491089109310.1515/jpem‑2021‑0153 34171940
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Di DalmaziG. MaltoniG. BongiornoC. Comparison of the effects of lockdown due to COVID-19 on glucose patterns among children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes: CGM study.BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care202082e00166410.1136/bmjdrc‑2020‑001664 33115820
     [Google Scholar]
  39. LombardoF. SalzanoG. BombaciB. Has COVID-19 lockdown improved glycaemic control in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes? An analysis of continuous glucose monitoring metrics.Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract.2021174
     [Google Scholar]
  40. TorneseG. CeconiV. MonastaL. Glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus during COVID-19 quarantine and the role of in-home physical activity.Diabetes Technol. Ther.202022646246710.1089/dia.2020.0169 32421355
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Al MahmeedW. Al-RasadiK. BanerjeeY. Promoting a syndemic approach for cardiometabolic disease management during COVID-19: The CAPISCO international expert panel.Front. Cardiovasc. Med.2021878776110.3389/fcvm.2021.787761 34977193
     [Google Scholar]
  42. RizviA.A. KathuriaA. Al MahmeedW. Post-COVID syndrome, inflammation, and diabetes.J. Diabetes Complications2022361110833610.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108336 36228563
     [Google Scholar]
  43. MatiasA.A. ManiqueI. SabinoT. Absolute hyperglycemia versus stress hyperglycemia ratio for the prognosis of hospitalized patients with covid-19 in the first months of the pandemic: A retrospective study.Diabetes Ther.202314233534610.1007/s13300‑022‑01347‑4 36574200
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Al-AbdulrazzaqD. KhalifaD. AlqaisiT. Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait.Front. Public Health202210105696710.3389/fpubh.2022.1056967 36620301
     [Google Scholar]
  45. SalzanoG. PassanisiS. PiraF. Quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of adolescents: The crucial role of technology.Ital. J. Pediatr.20214714010.1186/s13052‑021‑00997‑7 33618753
     [Google Scholar]
  46. ShahK. MannS. SinghR. BangarR. KulkarniR. Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents.Cureus2020128e1005110.7759/cureus.10051 32999774
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326
Loading
The Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown Among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Curr. Diabetes Rev. 21, E15733998327893 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326
/content/journals/cdr/10.2174/0115733998327893240905071326
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplements

PRISMA checklist is available as supplementary material. Supplementary material is available on the publisher's website along with the published article.

file format download Download

  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keyword(s): adolescents; COVID-19 pandemic; glycaemic control; post-lockdown period; pre-lockdown period; Type 1 diabetes

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test