Current Cardiology Reviews - Volume 21, Issue 3, 2025

Platelets, tiny cell fragments measuring 2-4 μm in diameter without a nucleus, play a crucial role in blood clotting and maintaining vascular integrity. Abnormalities in platelets, whether genetic or acquired, are linked to bleeding disorders, increased risk of blood clots, and cardiovascular diseases. Advanced proteomic techniques offer profound insights into the roles of platelets in hemostasis and their involvement in proce Read More

IntroductionDyspnea and exertional intolerance are the most common clinical manifestations of Heart Failure (HF). One of the possible mechanisms of both symptoms in HF patients is weakness of the inspiratory muscles.AimBecause the diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, this review aimed to investigate the contribution of diaphragmatic function to the genesis of dyspnea or exercise intolerance in HF patients.Methods Read More

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death globally, poses a significant burden on the healthcare sector. Its association with stress and Cushing’s Syndrome has driven cortisol, the ‘stress hormone,’ to be a potential candidate in determining CVD risk. Cortisol synthesis and release through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are regulated by several hormones and receptors involved in the patholo Read More

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is highly prevalent among individuals with heart failure (HF), impacting 40-70% of patients and serving as a significant prognostic indicator. Linked with oxidative metabolism and myocardial cell damage, IDA exacerbates HF symptoms, including reduced exercise capacity, diminished quality of life, and heightened cardiovascular morbidity. This review explores the diagnosis, treatment, clinical outc Read More

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is the association between obesity, diabetes, CKD (chronic kidney disease), and cardiovascular disease. GDF-15 mainly acts through the GFRAL (Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor Family Receptor Alpha-Like) receptor. GDF-15 and GDFRAL complex act mainly through RET co-receptors, further activating Ras and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways thro Read More

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds resembling human estrogen and have recently gained attention due to their potential role in improving cardiovascular health. These compounds exert their effects through various mechanisms, including interactions with estrogen receptors, growth factor receptors, inflammatory mediators, thrombogenic reactions, and apoptotic pathways. This results in cardioprotective effe Read More

IntroductionChronic ischemic heart failure is a major global health issue despite advancements in therapy. Stem cell (SC) therapy has emerged as a potential treatment, but its effectiveness remains uncertain. This study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the current evidence on SC therapy's efficacy.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to April Read More

IntroductionAtherosclerosis is a chronic disease caused by the accumulation of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous elements in arterial walls, leading to plaque formation and cardiovascular conditions like coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes contribute to its development. Diagnosis relies on imaging and biomarkers, while m Read More

IntroductionLong-term heart failure hospitalization (HFH) after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and its risk factors remain to be investigated.MethodsAF patients with HFpEF who underwent RFCA from January, 2014 to December, 2018 from three centers were retrospectively included. Patients were assigned to the training and tes Read More

IntroductionPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a marker of significant atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and is associated with greater healthcare burden and worse prognosis in individuals with chronic inflammatory disease (CID). We aimed to investigate temporal trends and disparities of PAD-related mortality in populations with CID from 1999-2020 across six common CIDs (i.e., chronic viral hepatitis, human i Read More

IntroductionManaging hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) can be challenging, particularly due to the need for rapid triglyceride reduction to below 500mg/dL (5.645 mmol/L).Case ReportThis is a case describing a 39-year-old female patient who presented to the Emergency Department with acute abdominal pain resulting from severe HTG-AP. However, under conventional therapy with oral lipid-lo Read More