Current Aging Science - Online First

Skin aging is a complex biological process driven by intrinsic factors, such as genetics and cellular metabolism, and extrinsic factors, including environmental stressors like UV radiation, pollution, and lifestyle choices. These factors result in visible signs of aging, such as wrinkles, reduced skin elasticity, and pigmentation. This review presents the recent findings on phytoextracts as natural anti-aging agents, highlighting their bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, and applications in skin rejuvenation.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, focusing on articles published from 2000 to 2023. Search terms such as “phytoextracts and skin aging,” “natural antioxidants and collagen synthesis,” and “bioactive compounds and skin rejuvenation” were used. Inclusion criteria involved peer-reviewed studies on phytoextracts with experimental evidence of anti-aging effects, focusing on human and in-vitro models. Exclusion criteria included non-English articles, review papers without experimental data, and studies unrelated to skin aging. Recent research articles focusing on skin aging mechanisms and the efficacy of phytoextracts were identified. Particular attention was given to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-boosting properties of phytoextracts.

This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms through which phytoextracts counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, and extracellular matrix degradation. Notable examples include the role of resveratrol in activating longevity genes, curcumin in reducing UV-induced damage, and ginseng in improving skin elasticity. These compounds were found to exhibit potent anti-aging mechanisms through their antioxidant activity and collagen-boosting effects. Advanced delivery technologies, such as nanocarriers, enhance the efficacy of these bioactives.

Phytoextracts demonstrate significant potential in combating skin aging by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and enhancing collagen production. While the results are promising, further clinical studies are required to validate their long-term efficacy and safety in skin aging management.

Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder that can be characterized by seizures and can be caused by abnormal electrical impulses in the brain. Various genetic, environmental, age-related, and lifestyle factors are associated with its pathogenesis, which causes neuronal cells to degenerate over time.

Epilepsy often results from an imbalance between excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, and inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as GABA. Abnormalities in glutamate receptors like N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) can lead to excessive neuronal excitation, while dysfunctions in GABA receptors can result in insufficient inhibition, both of which can provoke seizures. Additionally, a variety of receptors and pathways like NF-κB, DAPK, Trκb, COX-2, etc. are associated with the expression of epilepsy. This disorder often faces various limitations in treatment with current anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), such as drug resistance, adverse effects, and high costs. In context, flavonoids exhibit significant neuroprotective properties in epilepsy through various mechanisms such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, neurotransmitter systems, and receptor modulation.

Flavonoids communicate with different signaling pathways and adjust their activities, prompting valuable neuroprotective impacts. Essential flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin, apigenin, luteolin, genistein, fisetin, chrysin, vitexin, naringin, baicalin, catechin, morin, hesperetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, silibinin, wogonin, etc. have shown promising results in channel regulation, reduced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and neuronal excitability in experimental models of epilepsy. Given their inherent neuroprotective properties and ability to modulate multiple pathways involved in epilepsy, flavonoids hold considerable promise as multitargeted, accessible, and low-cost alternatives to conventional AEDs. Although there are challenges with target specificity and bioavailability, innovative approaches such as nanotechnology and chemical modifications are being developed to enhance these aspects.

Focusing on the mechanisms of action and neuroprotective benefits the paper highlights the promising role of flavonoids and flavonoid-based nanotherapeutics as a beneficial addition to epilepsy treatment strategies.

Regular physical activity (PA) promotes mental and physical health. Nevertheless, inactivity is a worldwide pandemic, and methods to augment exercise benefits are required. The constrained disorder principle (CDP) characterizes biological systems based on their inherent variability. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between intra-individual variability in PA and disability among non-athlete adults.

In this retrospective analysis of the longitudinal SHARE survey, we included non-disabled adults aged >50 with at least six visits over 14 years. Self-reported PA frequency was documented bi- to triennially. Low PA intensity was defined as vigorous PA frequency less than once a week. Stable PA was described as an unchanged PA intensity in all consecutive middle observations. The primary outcome was defined as a physical limitation in everyday activities at the end of the survey. Secondary outcomes were cognitive functions, including short-term memory, long-term memory, and verbal fluency.

The study included 2,049 non-disabled adults with a mean age of 53 and 49.1% women. In the initially high PA intensity group, variability in PA was associated with increased physical disability prevalence (23.3% vs. 33.2%, stablevs.unstable PA; P<0.01; adjusted P<0.01). In the initially low PA intensity group, variability was associated with a reduced physical disability (45.6% vs. 33.3%, stablevs.unstable PA; P=0.02; adjusted P=0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in cognitive parameters between the groups. Among individuals with the same low PA intensity at the beginning and end of follow-up, variability was associated with reduced physical disability (56.9% vs. 36.5%, stablevs.unstable PA; P=0.02; adjusted P=0.04) and improved short-term memory (score change: -0.28 vs. +0.29, stablevs.unstable PA; P=0.05).

Incorporating variability into PA regimens of inactive adults may enhance their physical and cognitive benefits.

Recently, there has been a significant evolution in our understanding of the molecular pathways causing the genesis and progression of cancer via the inter-individual variations. Thus, one-size-fits-all methods for cancer treatment have been replaced by precision oncology (PO) targeting individual cancer symptoms, offering increased effectiveness, and decreased safety concerns and cost load.

The identification of novel actionable indications, rapid, precise, and comprehensive detection of complex phenotypes in every individual, pioneering clinical trial projects with enhanced response feedback, and widespread availability of innovative targeted anticancer management for every patient are vital for the effective implementation of next-generation precision oncology. Additionally, the emergence of precision medicine has altered the perspective of oncologic biomarkers, drug discovery, drug development, and, improvements for cancer patients.

This paper narratively reviewed to identify actionable abnormalities, Genomic profiling of tumors employing clinical next-generation sequencing (NGS) from both tumor tissues and liquid biopsies along with the multi-omics strategies as the key component of PO.

Our increasing information on tumor biology, specifically microenvironment and heterogeneity-associated data, would improve our understanding of the resistance of targeted drugs and specific mechanisms of action, as well as help enhance existing metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment strategies.

Collectively, this paper indicated the current and innovative strategies for prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of various cancer types based on PO overview with a groundbreaking emphasis on CRC suggesting the integrations of multi-omics, highlighting Genomics, and utilizing AL and ML algorithms with targeted therapies. Notably, these findings can help improve the life-span and ageing of the predisposed people.