Skip to content
2000
image of Individual Difference Variables in Adolescent Psychopathology: A Reflection on Cultural Norms, Intervention, and Attribution of Meaning: An Australian Case Study

Abstract

Adolescents from non-dominant social and cultural backgrounds frequently experience additional compounding factors that impact mental health and social-emotional wellbeing, occasionally necessitating psychiatric intervention. Further, young people from refugee backgrounds face suicide risk factors in addition to those experienced by their peers. At present, culturally transferable, evidence-based interventions for adolescents residing in multicultural populations are not readily available, despite extensive research that demonstrates the positive effects of these interventions. This article aimed to (1) justify the importance of awareness training for mental health professionals working with multicultural adolescent populations, (2) discuss the implications for advancing preventative programs to minimise universal responses to assessment and intervention of adolescents from non-dominant cultures, and (3) examine existing interventions. Six brief case studies in the form of a vignette are presented to highlight some of the challenges that adolescents from different cultural backgrounds face in the Australian context.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/aps/10.2174/0122106766329830250701113053
2025-07-16
2025-09-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Agarwal P. Sway: Unravelling unconscious bias. London, United Kingdom Bloomsbury Publishing 2020 10.5040/9781472971364
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Australian Psychological Society (2010) Code of Ethics. Melbourne: APS. Babchuk W.A. Badiee M. 2010 Realizing the potential of qualitative designs: A conceptual guide for research and practice. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing, Community and Extension Education East Lansing, MI 25 31
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bebbington P.E. Why psychiatry has to be social. Principles of social psychiatry. Chichester, United Kingdom Wiley 2010 13 29 10.1002/9780470684214.ch2
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Becker A. Transcending words: A Japanese linguistic and pragmatic enquiry. Babel 2022 56 3 19 27 10.3316/informit.170964790511427
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Becker A. Tyson I. Parenting in diaspora: A Japanese case study of sojourners and stayers in Western Australia. Appl. Psychol. Res. 2023 2 1 1139 10.59400/apr.v2i1.1139
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Becker A. Asano-Cavanagh Y. Zhang G. Cultural adaptations. Int. J. Transl. 2020 66 3 457 483 10.1075/babel.00170.bec
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Berry J.W. Acculturation. Handbook of socialization: Theory and research. 2nd ed New York, NY The Guilford Press 2015 520 538
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bessarab D. Ng’andu B. Yarning about yarning as a legitimate method in Indigenous research. Int. J. Crit. Indig Stud 2010 3 1 37 50 10.5204/ijcis.v3i1.57
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bhugra D. Gupta S. Culture and its influence on diagnosis and management. Principles of social psychiatry. 2nd ed London, United Kingdom Wiley Blackwell 2010 117 131 10.1002/9780470684214.ch10
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bhugra D. Mastrogianni A. Globalisation and mental disorders. Br. J. Psychiatry 2004 184 1 10 20 10.1192/bjp.184.1.10 14702222
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Blignault I. Saab H. Woodland L. Giourgas K. Baddah H. Promoting mental health and wellbeing in multicultural Australia: A collaborative regional approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 19 5 2723 10.3390/ijerph19052723 35270415
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bolton D. Social, biological and personal constructions of mental illness. Principles of social psychiatry. 2nd ed Chichester, United Kingdom Wiley Blackwell 2010 39 50 10.1002/9780470684214.ch4
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Brassell A.A. Rosenberg E. Parent J. Rough J.N. Fondacaro K. Seehuus M. Parent’s psychological flexibility: Associations with parenting and child psychosocial well-being. J. Contextual Behav. Sci. 2016 5 2 111 120 10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.03.001
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Carlton S. Reprint of: Connecting, belonging: Volunteering, wellbeing and leadership among refugee youth. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2015 14 160 167 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.10.010
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Chang D.F. Sue S. The effects of race and problem type on teachers’ assessments of student behavior. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2003 71 2 235 242 10.1037/0022‑006X.71.2.235 12699018
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Chen X. Culture, peer interaction, and socioemotional development. Child Dev. Perspect. 2012 6 1 27 34 10.1111/j.1750‑8606.2011.00187.x
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Clark T.C. 2007 Factors associated with reduced depression and suicide risk among Mäori high school students New Zealand. Thesis, University of Minnesota
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cohen R. J. Swerdlik M. E. Phillips S. M. 2021 Psychological testing and assessment. McGraw-Hill US Higher Ed USE.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Colucci E. Minas H. Szwarc J. Guerra C. Paxton G. In or out? Barriers and facilitators to refugee-background young people accessing mental health services. Transcult. Psychiatry 2015 52 6 766 790 10.1177/1363461515571624 25731986
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Cushner K. Brislin R.W. Intercultural interactions: A practical guide (Cross cultural research and methodology). 2nd ed Thousand Oaks, CA Sage 1995
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Dana D.A. The polyvagal theory in therapy: Engaging the rhythm of regulation. New York, NY: . 2018
    [Google Scholar]
  22. de Rosnay M. Hughes C. Conversation and theory of mind: Do children talk their way to sociocognitive understanding? Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 2006 24 1 7 37 10.1348/026151005X82901
    [Google Scholar]
  23. American Psychiatric Association 2013 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Dockery A.M. Culture and wellbeing: The case of Indigenous Australians. Soc. Indic. Res. 2010 99 2 315 332 10.1007/s11205‑010‑9582‑y 21516141
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Doi T. The anatomy of dependence. Tokyo, Japan Kodansha 1973
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Dudgeon P. Bray A. Blustein S. Calma T. McPhee R. Ring I. Clarke R. Connection to community. Available from 2022 [https://www. indigenousmhspc.gov.au/getattachment/c98dfa69-c137-4f9b-9d55-bc012de2d4d7/aihw-ihw-connection-to-community-summary-paper.pdf?v=1518
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dudgeon P. Milroy H. Walker R. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. Available from 2014 [https://www.thekids.org.au/ globalassets/media/documents/aboriginal-health/working-together-second-edition/working-together-aboriginal-and-wellbeing-2014.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Eisenberg N. Spinrad T.L. Emotion-related regulation: Sharpening the definition. Child Dev. 2004 75 2 334 339 10.1111/j.1467‑8624.2004.00674.x 15056187
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Ensink K. Mayes L.C. The development of mentalisation in children from a theory of mind perspective. Psychoanal. Inq. 2010 30 4 301 337 10.1080/07351690903206504
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Ferdinand A. Paradies Y. Kelaher M. Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Victorian Aboriginal communities. Available from 2023 [https://www.lowitja.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/LEAD-Report-WEB.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Frank K.C. Temple E. Cultural effects on the neural basis of theory of mind. Prog Brain Res 178 2009 213 223 10.1016/S0079‑6123(09)17815‑9 19874972
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Gifford S. Correa-Velez I. Sampson R. Good starts for recently arrived youth with refugee backgrounds: Promoting wellbeing in the first three years of settlement in Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne, Australia La Trobe Refugee Research Centre 2009
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Gupta H. Tari-Keresztes N. Stephens D. Smith J.A. Sultan E. Lloyd S. A scoping review about social and emotional wellbeing programs and services targeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in Australia: Understanding the principles guiding promising practice. BMC Public Health 2020 20 1 1625 10.1186/s12889‑020‑09730‑1 33121463
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Heft H. Environment, cognition, and culture: Reconsidering the cognitive map. J. Environ. Psychol. 2013 33 14 25 10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.09.002
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Hemphill S.A. Tollit M. Kotevski A. Rates of bullying perpetration and victimisation: A longitudinal study of secondary school students in Victoria, Australia. Pastor. Care Educ. 2012 30 2 99 112 10.1080/02643944.2012.679953
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Hennink M. Kaiser B.N. Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Soc. Sci. Med. 2022 292 114523 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523 34785096
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Hofmann S.G. Hinton D.E. Cross-cultural aspects of anxiety disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2014 16 6 450 10.1007/s11920‑014‑0450‑3 24744049
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Holmes C.E. Standing out and blending in: Contact-based research, ethics, and positionality. PS Polit. Sci. Polit. 2021 54 3 443 447 10.1017/S1049096520002024
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Hooley J.M. Butcher J.N. Nock M.K. Mineka S. Abnormal psychology: An overview. 17th ed London, United Kingdom Pearson 2017
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Hunter F. Amato D. Kellock W. The people they make us welcome: A sense of belonging for newly arrived young people. Available from 2016 [https://www.cmy.net.au/resource/the-people-they-make-us-welcome/
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Ishikawa A. Rickwood D. Bariola E. Bhullar N. Autonomy versus support: Self-reliance and help-seeking for mental health problems in young people. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2023 58 3 489 499 10.1007/s00127‑022‑02361‑4 36112162
    [Google Scholar]
  42. John J.R. Khan J.R. Middleton P.M. Huang Y. Lin D.P.I. Hu N. Jalaludin B. Chay P. Lingam R. Eapen V. Self-harm-related mental health presentations to emergency departments by children and young people from culturally and linguistically diverse groups in South Western Sydney. BJPsych Open 2024 10 6 e213 10.1192/bjo.2024.763 39628122
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Kleinman A. Benson P. Anthropology in the clinic: The problem of cultural competency and how to fix it. Understanding and applying medical anthropology. 3rd ed New York, NY Routledge 2016 344 349
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Koç V. Kafa G. Cross-cultural research on psychotherapy: The need for a change. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 2019 50 1 100 115 10.1177/0022022118806577
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Lansford J.E. Godwin J. Bornstein M.H. Chang L. Deater-Deckard K. Di Giunta L. Dodge K.A. Malone P.S. Oburu P. Pastorelli C. Skinner A.T. Sorbring E. Steinberg L. Tapanya S. Uribe Tirado L.M. Alampay L.P. Al-Hassan S.M. Bacchini D. 2018 Parenting, culture, and the development of externalizing behaviors from age 7 to 14 in nine countries. Dev. Psychopathol 30 5 1937 1958 10.1017/S0954579418000925 30132425
    [Google Scholar]
  46. LeBlanc P. A practical approach to qualitative interviews. Qual. Rep. 2014 15 6 1621 1623 10.46743/2160‑3715/2010.1366
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Lin I. Flanagan W. Green C. Lowell A. Coffin J. Armstrong E. Bessarab D. Clinical yarning education: development and pilot evaluation of an education program to improve clinical communication in Aboriginal health care—Participant, and health manager perspectives. BMC med. education. 2023 23 1 10.1071/PY16051 28442021
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Livas-Dlott A. Fuller B. Stein G.L. Bridges M. Mangual Figueroa A. Mireles L. Commands, competence, and cariño: Maternal socialization practices in Mexican American families. Dev. Psychol. 2010 46 3 566 578 10.1037/a0018016 20438171
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lubman D.I. McCann T.V. Renzaho A. Kyle A. Mugavin J. Bridging the gap: Educating family members from migrant communities about seeking help for depression, anxiety and substance misuse in young people. Melbourne, Australia Beyond Blue 2014
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Maguire M. Delahunt B. 2017 Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ir J. High Educ 9 (3) 10.62707/aishej.v9i3.335
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Markus H.R. Kitayama S. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol. Rev. 1991 98 2 224 253 10.1037/0033‑295X.98.2.224
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Matlin S.A. Depoux A. Schütte S. Flahault A. Saso L. Migrants’ and refugees’ health: Towards an agenda of solutions. Public Health Rev. 2018 39 1 27 10.1186/s40985‑018‑0104‑9
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Miller K. Balancing individualism and collectivism in an Australian Aboriginal context. Balancing individualism and collectivism: Social and environmental justice. New York, NY Springer International Publishing 2018 199 209 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑58014‑2_10
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Milligan G.S. Reilly T.J. Zumbo B.D. Tipton M.J. 2016 Validity and reliability of physical employment standards. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab 41(6(sUPPL. 2)) S83 S91 (Suppl. 2) 10.1139/apnm‑2015‑0669 27277570
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Minas H. Kakuma R. Too L. Vayani H. Orapeleng S. Prasad-Ildes R. Turner G. Procter N. Oehm D. Mental health research and evaluation in multicultural Australia: Developing a culture of inclusion. Int. J. Ment. Health Syst. 2013 7 1 23 10.1186/1752‑4458‑7‑23 24093216
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Moodley R. Palmer S. Race, culture and other multiple constructions: An absent presence in psychotherapy. Race, culture and psychotherapy: Critical perspectives in multicultural practice. 1st ed London, United Kingdom Routledge 2006 1 16
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Morgan C. Bhugra D. Principles of social psychiatry. 2nd ed Hoboken, NJ 2010 10.1002/9780470684214
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Murrup-stewart C. Searle A.K. Jobson L. Adams K. Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives. Aust. Psychol. 2019 54 3 171 186 10.1111/ap.12367
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Murrup-Stewart C. Whyman T. Jobson L. Adams K. Understanding culture: The voices of urban Aboriginal young people. J. Youth Stud. 2021 a 24 10 1308 1325 10.1080/13676261.2020.1828844
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Murrup-Stewart C. Whyman T. Jobson L. Adams K. “Connection to culture is like a massive lifeline”: Yarning with Aboriginal young people about culture and social and emotional wellbeing. Qual. Health Res. 2021 b 31 10 1833 1846 10.1177/10497323211009475 33938295
    [Google Scholar]
  61. National Youth Settlement Framework A guide for supporting and measuring good practice with young people from refugee and migrant backgrounds in Australia. https://myan.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/2016_National-Youth-Settlement-Framework.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  62. NiaNia W Bush A Epston D 2016 Collaborative and indigenous mental health therapy: tūtaihono – stories of māori healing and pychiatry New York, NY 192 10.4324/9781315386423
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Nisbett R.E. Miyamoto Y. The influence of culture: Holistic versus analytic perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2005 9 10 467 473 10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.004 16129648
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Novianti R. Suarman, Nur Islami Parenting in cultural perspective. J. Ethn Cult Stud 2023 10 1 22 44 10.29333/ejecs/1287
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Omura M. Levett-Jones T. Stone T.E. Evaluating the impact of an assertiveness communication training programme for Japanese nursing students: A quasiexperimental study. Nurs. Open 2019 6 2 463 472 10.1002/nop2.228 30918697
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Patel A. Hinton D. Two peas in a pod? Understanding cross-cultural similarities and differences in anxiety disorders. Clinical handbook of anxiety disorders: From theory to practice. Cham, Switzerland Springer 2020 59 75 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑30687‑8_4
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Piacentini M. Barret M. Preparing our youth for an inclusive sustainable world: The OECD PISA global competence framework. Available from 2018 [https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/topics/policy-sub-issues/global-competence/Handbook-PISA-2018-Global-Competence.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Porges S.W. 2009 The polyvagal theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system Cleve Clin. J. Med 76 4 Suppl 2 S86 S90 10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.17 19376991
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Priest N. Paradies Y. Trenerry B. Truong M. Karlsen S. Kelly Y. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013 95 115 127 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031 23312306
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Responding together: Multicultural young people and their mental health. Available from: https://www.cmy. net.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Multicultural-young-people-and-their-mental-health-policy-report.pdf
  71. Riany Y.E. Haslam D.M. Sanders M. Parental mood, parenting style and child emotional and behavioural adjustment: Australia-Indonesia cross-cultural study. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2022 31 9 2331 2343 10.1007/s10826‑021‑02137‑5
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Rickwood D. Responding early to Support the Mental Health and Wellbeing of Young People. Handbook of Children and Youth Studies. 2nd ed 1 17 Springer, Singapore Wyn J. Cahill H. Cuervo H. 2024 129 145
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Robinson J. Bailey E. Witt K. Stefanac N. Milner A. Currier D. Pirkis J. Condron P. Hetrick S. What works in youth suicide prevention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2018 4-5 52 91 10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.10.004
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Rousseau C. Johnson-Lafleur J. Papazian-Zohrabian G. Measham T. Interdisciplinary case discussions as a training modality to teach cultural formulation in child mental health. Transcult. Psychiatry 2020 57 4 581 593 10.1177/1363461518794033 30131020
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Schneider B.H. Fonzi A. Tomada G. Tani F. A cross-national comparison of children’s behavior with their friends in situations of potential conflict. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 2000 31 2 259 266 10.1177/0022022100031002008
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Shimizu M. Park H. Greenfield P.M. Infant sleeping arrangements and cultural values among contemporary Japanese mothers. Front. Psychol. 2014 5 718 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00718 25191281
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Schunk F. Trommsdorff G. König-Teshnizi D. Regulation of positive and negative emotions across cultures: Does culture moderate associations between emotion regulation and mental health? Cogn. Emotion 2022 36 2 352 363 10.1080/02699931.2021.1997924 34761731
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Slabu L. Lenton A.P. Sedikides C. Bruder M. Trait and state authenticity across cultures. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 2014 45 9 1347 1373 10.1177/0022022114543520
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Smallwood R. Usher K. Woods C. Sampson N. Jackson D. Deproblematising Aboriginal young peoples’ health and wellbeing through their voice: An Indigenous scoping review. J. Clin. Nurs. 2023 32 9-10 2086 2101 10.1111/jocn.16308 35352432
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Sternberg R.J. Successful intelligence as a framework for understanding cultural adaptation. Handbook of cultural intelligence. 1st ed London, United Kingdom Routledge 2015 324 335
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Sternberg R.J. Detterman D.K. What is intelligence? Contemporary viewpoints on its nature and definition. Westport, CT Praeger 1986
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Stoessel K. Titzmann P.F. Silbereisen R.K. Being “them” and “us” at the same time? Subgroups of cultural identification change among adolescent diaspora immigrants. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 2014 45 7 1089 1109 10.1177/0022022114534770
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Tanaka H. The particle ne as a turn-management device in Japanese conversation. J. Pragmatics 2000 32 8 1135 1176 10.1016/S0378‑2166(99)00087‑9
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Travis C. Omoiyari as a core Japanese value: Japanese-style empathy. Speaking of emotions: Conceptualisation and expression. Berlin, Germany De Gruyter Mouton 1998 55 81 10.1515/9783110806007.55
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Triandis H.C. Singelis T.M. Training to recognize individual differences in collectivism and individualism within culture. Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 1998 22 1 35 47 10.1016/S0147‑1767(97)00034‑5
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Trommsdorff G. Cole P.M. Emotion, self-regulation, and social behavior in cultural contexts. Socioemotional development in cultural context. New York, NY The Guilford Press 2011 131 163
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Trommsdorff G. Kim U. Nauck B. Factors influencing value of children and intergenerational relations in times of social change: Analyses from psychological and sociocultural perspectives: Introduction to the special issue. Appl. Psychol. 2005 54 3 313 316 10.1111/j.1464‑0597.2005.00212.x
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Trommsdorf G. Rothbaum F. Development of emotion regulation in cultural context. Regulating emotions: Culture, social necessity, and biological inheritance. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing 2008 85 120 10.1002/9781444301786.ch4
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Tseng W-S. Culture and psychotherapy. Cultural competence in clinical psychiatry. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Publishing 2004 181 198
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Ulich M. Taking a new look at cultural attitudes in multilingual settings. Int. J. Educ. Res. 1998 29 1 25 39 10.1016/S0883‑0355(98)00011‑1
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Valibhoy M.C. Kaplan I. Szwarc J. “It comes down to just how human someone can be”: A qualitative study with young people from refugee backgrounds about their experiences of Australian mental health services. Transcult. Psychiatry 2017 54 1 23 45 10.1177/1363461516662810 27550374
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Verma J. Collectivism in the cultural perspective: The Indian scene. Latest contributions to cross-cultural psychology. New York, NY Routledge 2020 228 241 10.1201/9781003077466‑17
    [Google Scholar]
  93. von Werthern M. Robjant K. Chui Z. Schon R. Ottisova L. Mason C. Katona C. The impact of immigration detention on mental health: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2018 18 1 382 10.1186/s12888‑018‑1945‑y 30522460
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Wampold B.E. How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry 2015 14 3 270 277 10.1002/wps.20238 26407772
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Weisz J.R. McCarty C.A. Valeri S.M. Effects of psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 2006 132 1 132 149 10.1037/0033‑2909.132.1.132 16435960
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Whyman T. Murrup-Stewart C. Young M. Carter A. Jobson L. ‘Lateral violence stems from the colonial system’: Settler-colonialism and lateral violence in Aboriginal Australians. Postcolonial Stud. 2023 26 2 183 201 10.1080/13688790.2021.2009213
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Watson A.C. Nixon C.L. Wilson A. Capage L. Social interaction skills and theory of mind in young children. Dev. Psychol. 1999 35 2 386 391 10.1037/0012‑1649.35.2.386 10082009
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Wierzbicka A. Japanese key words and core cultural values. Lang. Soc. 1991 20 3 333 385 10.1017/S0047404500016535
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Wood E. Clinical yarning breaks down barriers. Available from 2024 [https://www.thesenior.com.au/story/ 8480851/clinical-yarning-bridging-the-gap-in-aboriginal-healthcare/
    [Google Scholar]
  100. World Medical Association 2001 Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects European journal of emergency medicine: official journal of the European Society for Emergency 8 3 221 223 11357217
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Wu S.L. Woo P.J. Yap C.C. Lim G.J.R.Y. Parenting practices and adolescents’ mental health: The mediating role of perceived maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection and adolescents’ self-efficacy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023 20 2 1052 10.3390/ijerph20021052 36673804
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Zubrick S.R. Shepherd C.C.J. Dudgeon P. Gee G. Paradies Y. Scrine C. Walker R. Social determinants of social and emotional wellbeing. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice 93 112 Telethon Institute for Child Health Research/Kulunga Research Network, in collaboration with the University of Western Australia.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/aps/10.2174/0122106766329830250701113053
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test