Skip to content
2000
Volume 24, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 1871-5230
  • E-ISSN: 1875-614X

Abstract

Introduction

The low solubility and permeability of tetrahydrocurcumin act as a barrier in its therapeutic effectiveness, particularly in the topical treatment of skin diseases like psoriasis.

Methods

Niosomes were prepared using thin-film hydration method using span 60, cholesterol as independent variables in Box Behnken design. Particle size, entrapment efficiency and drug loading were taken as dependent variables. In Box Behnken design the levels are -1, 0, and +1. The values for span 60 are 50, 75, and 100mg and for cholesterol 10, 20, and 30mg.

Results

The optimized formulation has a particle size of 116.9 nm, entrapment efficiency of 94.7% and, drug loading of 85.23%. The niosomes showed first-order release kinetics property and maintained stability at 4°C and 25°C for three months. The desirability score obtained was 0.896.

Discussion

The optimized niosomal formulation enhanced THC’s solubility, permeability, and stability, supporting its potential for effective topical psoriasis treatment. Future studies will focus on gel incorporation and validation.

Conclusion

The developed formulation significantly improves the solubility and permeability of tetrahydrocurcumin which leads to improved therapeutic effectiveness in the formulation for the treatment of psoriasis. Further studies will incorporate these niosomes in gels for the application.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/aiaamc/10.2174/0118715230385381250807024537
2025-08-25
2026-03-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Souri LakiM. HosseiniF. Rafiei TabatabaeiR. Chemical and judgmental examination of niosomes or vesicles of non-ionic surfactants.Int. J. New Chem.2025123461473
    [Google Scholar]
  2. SamedN. SharmaV. SundaramurthyA. Hydrogen bonded niosomes for encapsulation and release of hydrophilic and hydrophobic anti-diabetic drugs: An efficient system for oral anti-diabetic formulation.Appl. Surf. Sci.201844956757310.1016/j.apsusc.2017.11.055
    [Google Scholar]
  3. AbasiM. GhadiZ.S. PilehvarY. EbrahimnejadP. Curcumin loaded hyaluronan modified niosomes: Preparation, characterization and anti-cancer activity on triple-negative breast cancer cells.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.202510810686910.1016/j.jddst.2025.106869
    [Google Scholar]
  4. GharbaviM. AmaniJ. Kheiri-ManjiliH. DanafarH. SharafiA. Niosome: A promising nanocarrier for natural drug delivery through blood-brain barrier.Adv. Pharmacol. Sci.2018201811510.1155/2018/6847971 30651728
    [Google Scholar]
  5. AparajayP. DevA. Functionalized niosomes as a smart delivery device in cancer and fungal infection.Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.202216810605210.1016/j.ejps.2021.106052 34740786
    [Google Scholar]
  6. GeX. WeiM. HeS. YuanW-E. Advances of non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) and their application in drug delivery.Pharmaceutics20191125510.3390/pharmaceutics11020055
    [Google Scholar]
  7. RatheeJ. KumarK. KeluskarA. KaushikD. KumarS. KanwarR. PatilM.T. MehtaS.K. SalunkeD.B. PawarS.V. Proficiency of pluronic based niosomes as an effective nano-carrier for the formulation of toll-like receptor-7/8 agonists.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.202510710676410.1016/j.jddst.2025.106764
    [Google Scholar]
  8. BarteldsR. NematollahiM.H. PolsT. StuartM.C.A. PardakhtyA. AsadikaramG. PoolmanB. Niosomes, an alternative for liposomal delivery.PLoS One2018134019417910.1371/journal.pone.0194179 29649223
    [Google Scholar]
  9. AmoabedinyG. HaghiralsadatF. NaderinezhadS. HelderM.N. Akhoundi KharanaghiE. Mohammadnejad AroughJ. Zandieh-DoulabiB. Overview of preparation methods of polymeric and lipid-based (niosome, solid lipid, liposome) nanoparticles: A comprehensive review.Int. J. Polym. Mater.201867638340010.1080/00914037.2017.1332623
    [Google Scholar]
  10. HaseliS. PourmadadiM. SamadiA. YazdianF. AbdoussM. RashediH. Navaei-NigjehM. A novel pH ‐responsive nanoniosomal emulsion for sustained release of curcumin from a chitosan‐based nanocarrier: Emphasis on the concurrent improvement of loading, sustained release, and apoptosis induction.Biotechnol. Prog.2022385328010.1002/btpr.3280 35678755
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ur RahmanM. HussainH.R. AkramH. SarfrazM. NoumanM. KhanJ.A. IshtiaqM. Niosomes as a targeted drug delivery system in the treatment of breast cancer: Preparation, classification and mechanisms of cellular uptake.J. Drug Target.202533691693210.1080/1061186X.2025.2468750 39964023
    [Google Scholar]
  12. López-SeijasJ. Iglesias-FenteA. Miranda-BalbuenaD. Rey-RicoA. Exploiting niosomes as efficient non-viral vectors for enhanced gene transfer to human mesenchymal stem cells.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.202510710676610.1016/j.jddst.2025.106766
    [Google Scholar]
  13. LigaS. PaulC. MoacăE.A. PéterF. Niosomes: Composition, formulation techniques, and recent progress as delivery systems in cancer therapy.Pharmaceutics202416222310.3390/pharmaceutics16020223 38399277
    [Google Scholar]
  14. SilvaC.N. DouradoL.F.N. AgataB.L. FernandesM.A.S. DiasM.F. FialhoS.L. Intravitreal CBD-loaded niosomes enhance retinal neuroprotection in ischemic injury.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.202521111470510.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114705 40174680
    [Google Scholar]
  15. KaurI.P. GargA. SinglaA.K. AggarwalD. Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: An overview.Int. J. Pharm.2004269111410.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.09.016 14698571
    [Google Scholar]
  16. KhoeeS. YaghoobianM. Niosomes: A novel approach in modern drug delivery systems. Nanostructures for Drug Delivery; Andronescu, E. GrumezescuA.M. Elsevier201720723710.1016/B978‑0‑323‑46143‑6.00006‑3
    [Google Scholar]
  17. MoammeriA. ChegeniM.M. SahrayiH. GhafelehbashiR. MemarzadehF. MansouriA. AkbarzadehI. AbtahiM.S. HejabiF. RenQ. Current advances in niosomes applications for drug delivery and cancer treatment.Mater. Today Bio20232310083710.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100837 37953758
    [Google Scholar]
  18. SharmaS. GargA. AgrawalR. ChopraH. PathakD. A comprehensive review on niosomes as a tool for advanced drug delivery.Pharm. Nanotechnol.202412320622810.2174/2211738511666230726154557 37496251
    [Google Scholar]
  19. GargA. AgrawalR. Singh ChauhanC. DeshmukhR. In-situ gel: A smart carrier for drug delivery.Int. J. Pharm.202465212381910.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123819 38242256
    [Google Scholar]
  20. ObeidM.A. KhadraI. AljabaliA.A.A. AmawiH. FerroV.A. Characterisation of niosome nanoparticles prepared by microfluidic mixing for drug delivery.Int. J. Pharm. X2022410013710.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100137 36386005
    [Google Scholar]
  21. GaoS. SuiZ. JiangQ. JiangY. Functional evaluation of niosomes utilizing surfactants in nanomedicine applications.Int. J. Nanomedicine202419102831030510.2147/IJN.S480639 39403709
    [Google Scholar]
  22. MohantyD. JhansiM. BakshiV. HaqueA. SwapnaS. SahooC.K. UpadhyayA.K. Niosomes: A novel trend in drug delivery.Res. J. Pharm. Technol2018115205
    [Google Scholar]
  23. HomaeiiS. KavousiM. AsgariE.A. Investigating the apoptotic and antimetastatic effect of daphnetin-containing nano niosomes on MCF-7 cells.Adv. Cancer Biol. Metastasis20251410013910.1016/j.adcanc.2025.100139
    [Google Scholar]
  24. MoghtaderiM. SedaghatniaK. BourbourM. FatemizadehM. Salehi MoghaddamZ. HejabiF. HeidariF. QuaziS. Farasati FarB. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Niosomes: A novel targeted drug delivery system for cancer.Med. Oncol.2022391224010.1007/s12032‑022‑01836‑3 36175809
    [Google Scholar]
  25. DeshmukhR. SinghR. MishraS. Pharmaceutical in situ gel for glaucoma: Recent trends and development with an update on research and patents.Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst.202441314410.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v41.i3.10 38037819
    [Google Scholar]
  26. MawaziS.M. GeY. WidodoR.T. Niosome preparation techniques and structure-an illustrated review.Pharmaceutics20251716710.3390/pharmaceutics17010067 39861715
    [Google Scholar]
  27. TangriP. Niosomes: Formulation and evaluation.Int. J. Biopharm2011214753
    [Google Scholar]
  28. JayaramanS.C. RamachandranC. WeinerN. Topical delivery of erythromycin from various formulations: An in vivo hairless mouse study.J. Pharm. Sci.199685101082108410.1021/js960040u 8897275
    [Google Scholar]
  29. SalehA. PirouzifardM. Alizadeh KhaledabadM. AlmasiH. Kappa-carrageenan based active nanocomposite films incorporated with nanohalloysite and niosome-encapsulated Lippia citriodora essential oil: Preparation and characterization. Applied Food.Research20255110088510.1016/j.afres.2025.100885
    [Google Scholar]
  30. ZolkepliH. ChiaW.Q. OthmanR. AwangK. HazniH. SulaimanS.N. SaidinS.H. SinghM.S.J. MirasJ. WidodoR.T. AhmadN. Harnessing Brucea Javanica: Development and characterization of lipid-based niosomes for diabetes treatment.Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp.202570913615110.1016/j.colsurfa.2025.136151
    [Google Scholar]
  31. ChaudharyH. KohliK. KumarV. Nano-transfersomes as a novel carrier for transdermal delivery.Int. J. Pharm.2013454136738010.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.031 23871739
    [Google Scholar]
  32. AbdelbaryA.A. AbouGhalyM.H.H. Design and optimization of topical methotrexate loaded niosomes for enhanced management of psoriasis: Application of Box–Behnken design, in-vitro evaluation and in-vivo skin deposition study.Int. J. Pharm.20154851-223524310.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.020 25773359
    [Google Scholar]
  33. SharifiI. SalarkiaE. DabiriS. PardakhtyA. SharifiF. MohamadiN. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo activity of Gossypium hirsutum niosomes against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in a murine model: Parasite burden, gene expression, and histopathological profiling.Exp. Parasitol.202426710885910.1016/j.exppara.2024.108859 39505195
    [Google Scholar]
  34. KulkarniP. RawtaniD. Application of Box-Behnken design in the preparation, optimization, and in vitro evaluation of self-assembly–based tamoxifen- and doxorubicin-loaded and dual drug–loaded niosomes for combinatorial breast cancer treatment.J. Pharm. Sci.201910882643265310.1016/j.xphs.2019.03.020 30905701
    [Google Scholar]
  35. AblaK.K. MneimnehA.T. AllamA.N. MehannaM.M. Application of Box-Behnken design in the preparation, optimization, and in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral tadalafil-loaded niosomal film.Pharmaceutics202315117310.3390/pharmaceutics15010173 36678802
    [Google Scholar]
  36. SolanoA.A.B. Dávila-OrtizG. de Jesús Perea-FloresM. Martínez-AyalaA.L. Optimization and synthesis of nano-niosomes for encapsulation of triacontanol by box–behnken design.Molecules20242918442110.3390/molecules29184421 39339416
    [Google Scholar]
  37. ZidanA.S. Mokhtar IbrahimM. MegrabN.A.E. Optimization of methotrexate loaded niosomes by Box–Behnken design: An understanding of solvent effect and formulation variability.Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.20174391450145910.1080/03639045.2017.1318907 28420295
    [Google Scholar]
  38. KavehS. MahoonakA.S. Erfani-MoghadamV. GhorbaniM. GholamhosseinpourA. RaeisiM. Protein hydrolysates of niosome-encapsulated skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera: Antioxidant, anticancer, and release properties. Applied Food.Research20255110073310.1016/j.afres.2025.100733
    [Google Scholar]
  39. HuanbuttaK. SuwanpitakK. PonlakornP. SonkongdangP. KongklaiI. LuangpraditkunK. SemangoenT. SangnimT. Development and evaluation of drug-loaded niosomes fabricated by flow chemistry: A novel vortex tube reactor approach.OpenNano20252310024310.1016/j.onano.2025.100243
    [Google Scholar]
  40. LiangY. SarkarM.K. TsoiL.C. GudjonssonJ.E. Psoriasis: A mixed autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease.Curr. Opin. Immunol.2017491810.1016/j.coi.2017.07.007 28738209
    [Google Scholar]
  41. GriffithsC.E.M. BarkerJ.N.W.N. Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis.Lancet2007370958326327110.1016/S0140‑6736(07)61128‑3 17658397
    [Google Scholar]
  42. PandeyS.S. ShahK.M. MaulviF.A. DesaiD.T. GuptaA.R. JoshiS.V. ShahD.O. Topical delivery of cyclosporine loaded tailored niosomal nanocarriers for improved skin penetration and deposition in psoriasis: Optimization, ex vivo and animal studies.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20216310244110.1016/j.jddst.2021.102441
    [Google Scholar]
  43. JurelP. BahadurS. BajpaiM. Treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: An overview on current update.Pharmacol. Res. Rep20242100004
    [Google Scholar]
  44. BakhtiariR. ShiriM. Reza MohammadiM. Reza PourmandM. MirzaieA. TaghiabadiZ. Enhanced antimicrobial effects of carvacrol against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains using niosome formulations.Rev. Argent. Microbiol.2025571394810.1016/j.ram.2024.10.001 39843290
    [Google Scholar]
  45. SultanaA. ZareM. ThomasV. KumarT.S.S. RamakrishnaS. Nano-based drug delivery systems: Conventional drug delivery routes, recent developments and future prospects.Med. Drug Discov20221510013410.1016/j.medidd.2022.100134
    [Google Scholar]
  46. IslamS. AhmedM.M.S. IslamM.A. HossainN. ChowdhuryM.A. Advances in nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery–A review.Results in Surfaces and Interfaces20251910052910.1016/j.rsurfi.2025.100529
    [Google Scholar]
  47. HengM.C.Y. SongM.K. HarkerJ. HengM.K. Drug‐induced suppression of phosphorylase kinase activity correlates with resolution of psoriasis as assessed by clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters.Br. J. Dermatol.2000143593794910.1046/j.1365‑2133.2000.03767.x 11069500
    [Google Scholar]
  48. LagoaR. RajanL. ViolanteC. BabiakaS.B. Marques-da-SilvaD. KapoorB. ReisF. AtanasovA.G. Application of curcuminoids in inflammatory, neurodegenerative and aging conditions - Pharmacological potential and bioengineering approaches to improve efficiency.Biotechnol. Adv.20258210856810.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108568 40157560
    [Google Scholar]
  49. SainiK. VermaS. KakkarV. Anti-psoriatic effects of tetrahydrocurcumin lipidic nanoparticles in IMQ induced psoriatic plaque: A research report.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20227110330110.1016/j.jddst.2022.103301
    [Google Scholar]
  50. ElbannaS.A. EbadaH.M.K. AbdallahO.Y. EssawyM.M. AbdelhamidH.M. BarakatH.S. Novel tetrahydrocurcumin integrated mucoadhesive nanocomposite κ-carrageenan/xanthan gum sponges: A strategy for effective local treatment of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions.Drug Deliv.2023301225453010.1080/10717544.2023.2254530 37668361
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Bharti SharmaJ. BhattS. TiwariA. TiwariV. KumarM. VermaR. KaushikD. VirmaniT. KumarG. Al KamalyO. SalehA. Khalid ParvezM. AlhalmiA. Statistical optimization of tetrahydrocurcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles using Box Behnken design in the management of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.Saudi Pharm. J.202331910172710.1016/j.jsps.2023.101727 37638219
    [Google Scholar]
  52. SahuA.K. MishraJ. MishraA.K. Introducing Tween-curcumin niosomes: Preparation, characterization and microenvironment study.Soft Matter20201671779179110.1039/C9SM02416F 31970372
    [Google Scholar]
  53. YadavK. Kumar SahuK. Sucheta YadavR. RazaW. MinzS. Rawat SinghM. SinghD. PradhanM. A complex molecular landscape to drug delivery concept for achieving precise therapy in psoriasis.Med. Drug Discov20242210018310.1016/j.medidd.2024.100183
    [Google Scholar]
  54. AnuțaV. NicaM-A. PrisadaR-M. PopaL. VelescuB.Ș. MarinasI.C. GaboreanuD-M. GhicaM.V. CocoșF.I. NicolaeC.A. Dinu-PîrvuC-E. Novel buccal xanthan gum–hyaluronic acid eutectogels with dual anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.Gels2025113208
    [Google Scholar]
  55. FadaeiM.S. FadaeiM.R. KheiriehA.E. Rahmanian-DevinP. DabbaghiM.M. Nazari TavallaeiK. ShafaghiA. HatamiH. Baradaran RahimiV. NokhodchiA. AskariV.R. Niosome as a promising tool for increasing the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory compounds.EXCLI J.202423212263 38487088
    [Google Scholar]
  56. LiuY. LiangY. YuhongJ. XinP. HanJ.L. DuY. YuX. ZhuR. ZhangM. ChenW. MaY. Advances in nanotechnology for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.Drug Des. Devel. Ther.2024181469149510.2147/DDDT.S447496 38707615
    [Google Scholar]
  57. AldawsariM.F. KhafagyE.S. MogladE.H. Selim Abu LilaA. Formulation optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of niosomal nanocarriers for enhanced topical delivery of cetirizine.Saudi Pharm. J.202331910173410.1016/j.jsps.2023.101734 37649675
    [Google Scholar]
  58. HasanA.A. MadkorH. WagehS. Formulation and evaluation of metformin hydrochloride-loaded niosomes as controlled release drug delivery system.Drug Deliv.2013203-412012610.3109/10717544.2013.779332 23651102
    [Google Scholar]
  59. KhandareJ.N. JiwandasB.H. UppalR.R. Preparation and evaluation of nimesulide niosomes for topical application.Indian Drugs200138197202
    [Google Scholar]
  60. BasiriL. RajabzadehG. BostanA. Physicochemical properties and release behavior of Span 60/Tween 60 niosomes as vehicle for α-Tocopherol delivery.Lebensm. Wiss. Technol.20178447147810.1016/j.lwt.2017.06.009
    [Google Scholar]
  61. AfreenU. FahelelbomK.M. ShahS.N.H. AshamesA. AlmasU. KhanS.A. YameenM.A. NisarN. AsadM.H.H.B. MurtazaG. Formulation and evaluation of niosomes-based chlorpheniramine gel for the treatment of mild to moderate skin allergy.J. Exp. Nanosci.202217146749510.1080/17458080.2022.2094915
    [Google Scholar]
  62. KhanD.H. BashirS. KhanM.I. FigueiredoP. SantosH.A. PeltonenL. Formulation optimization and in vitro characterization of rifampicin and ceftriaxone dual drug loaded niosomes with high energy probe sonication technique.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20205810176310.1016/j.jddst.2020.101763
    [Google Scholar]
  63. SabryS. El hakim RamadanA. Abd elghanyM. OkdaT. HasanA. Formulation, characterization, and evaluation of the anti-tumor activity of nanosized galangin loaded niosomes on chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20216110216310.1016/j.jddst.2020.102163
    [Google Scholar]
  64. RuckmaniK. SankarV. Formulation and optimization of Zidovudine niosomes.AAPS PharmSciTech20101131119112710.1208/s12249‑010‑9480‑2 20635228
    [Google Scholar]
  65. HassanA. Formulation, characterization, stability, in vitro evaluation and optimization of diacerein niosomes. Al-Azhar.J. Pharm. Sci.201245147548410.21608/ajps.2012.7255
    [Google Scholar]
  66. ShiriS. GharanjigK. TahghighiA. HosseinnezhadM. EtezadM. Formulation and characterization of BBR loaded niosomes using saponin as a nonionic biosurfactant investigating synergistic effects to enhance antibacterial activity.Sci. Rep.2025151523110.1038/s41598‑025‑87950‑4 39939626
    [Google Scholar]
  67. AkbarzadehI. KeramatiM. AzadiA. AfzaliE. ShahbaziR. chiani, M.; Norouzian, D.; Bakhshandeh, H. Optimization, physicochemical characterization, and antimicrobial activity of a novel simvastatin nano-niosomal gel against E. coli and S. aureus.Chem. Phys. Lipids202123410501910.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105019 33232724
    [Google Scholar]
  68. HawthorneD. PannalaA. SandemanS. LloydA. Sustained and targeted delivery of hydrophilic drug compounds: A review of existing and novel technologies from bench to bedside.J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol.20227810393610.1016/j.jddst.2022.103936
    [Google Scholar]
  69. WitikaB.A. BasseyK.E. DemanaP.H. Siwe-NoundouX. PokaM.S. Current advances in specialised niosomal drug delivery: Manufacture, characterization and drug delivery applications.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20222317966810.3390/ijms23179668 36077066
    [Google Scholar]
  70. ChenS. HanningS. FalconerJ. LockeM. WenJ. Recent advances in non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes): Fabrication, characterization, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm.2019144183910.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.015 31446046
    [Google Scholar]
  71. PasebanK. NorooziS. GharehchelooR. HaddadianA. Falahi RobattorkiF. DibahH. AmaniR. SabouriF. GhanbarzadehE. HajrasouihaS. AzariA. RashidianT. MirzaieA. PirdolatZ. SalarkiaM. ShahravaD.S. SafaeinikjooF. SeifiA. Sadat HosseiniN. SaeiniaN. Bagheri KashtaliA. AhmadiyanA. Mazid AbadiR. Sadat KermaniF. AndalibiR. ChitgarzadehA. TavanaA.A. Piri GharaghieT. Preparation and optimization of niosome encapsulated meropenem for significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates.Heliyon202410163565110.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35651 39211930
    [Google Scholar]
  72. VermaD. VermaS. BlumeG. FahrA. Particle size of liposomes influences dermal delivery of substances into skin.Int. J. Pharm.20032581-214115110.1016/S0378‑5173(03)00183‑2 12753761
    [Google Scholar]
  73. EssaE. Effect of formulation and processing variables on the particle size of sorbitan monopalmitate niosomes.Asian J. Pharm.20104422710.4103/0973‑8398.76752
    [Google Scholar]
  74. AnnaduraiG. LingL.Y. LeeJ.F. Statistical optimization of medium components and growth conditions by response surface methodology to enhance phenol degradation by Pseudomonas putida.J. Hazard. Mater.2008151117117810.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.061 17618738
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/aiaamc/10.2174/0118715230385381250807024537
Loading
/content/journals/aiaamc/10.2174/0118715230385381250807024537
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:
    Research Article
Keyword(s): cholesterol; kinetics; nanotechnology; Niosomes; optimization; particle size
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test