Skip to content
2000
Volume 24, Issue 2
  • ISSN: 2211-3525
  • E-ISSN: 2211-3533

Abstract

Introduction

An antibiotic is described as a material that is either manufactured or generated by a single microbe and, at low quantities, may either kill or hinder the development of other organisms. They are still used worldwide to treat and prevent illnesses in clinical and veterinary care. The antibiotic waste can include any dosage form that has been used, unused, stored, . Antibiotic abuse and improper waste disposal have an impact on both the environment and people.

Objective

The understanding of antibiotics, typical waste management techniques, and raising awareness of accessible trash treatment facilities and disposal techniques among the general public in various Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, India, locations formed the basis of this survey.

Methods

A comprehensive analysis, including various regions of Yamunanagar (a city in Haryana) is conducted. Quantitative research results from the systematic examination that yielded the numerical data were collected, analyzed, and reported in this study.

Results and Discussion

The current survey highlights the key trends of antibiotics usage, their waste management disposal habits, and awareness among respondents of Yamuna Nagar. Almost 80% of respondents completed their antibiotic course within the last 6 months while 60% have unused medications at home due to non-completion of the course or keeping them for future use. More than 50% shared, or thought of sharing antibiotics with others. Further, only 6.3% of respondents always seek advice from healthcare professionals before taking antibiotics. Only 12%-24.3% reported receiving proper education regarding the storage and disposal of antibiotics from healthcare professionals. 34.3% of respondents have information regarding the disposal of antibiotic waste management. Further data revealed that people have awareness regarding the potential of improper antibiotic waste disposal to the environment but lack knowledge regarding proper disposal techniques. Further, this study also tends to spread awareness of which impact on the environment, different methods of disposal, along with most closest Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBWTFs) were chosen by the respondents.

Conclusion

Despite having awareness regarding the negative impacts of incorrect antibiotic waste disposal on the environment and public health, the majority of respondents keep them in their homes and dispose in ordinary household trash. There is a lack of appropriate medication disposal practices and attitudes. The majority of respondents agreed that there is a need for greater awareness regarding the safe disposal of medications. Some strategies that have been proposed include training healthcare professionals to advise patients about proper disposal while prescribing, using social media advertisements, utilizing QR codes on medication packaging, labeling medications with instructions on how to dispose of them,

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/aia/10.2174/0122113525373549250613060954
2025-06-23
2026-03-09
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. EtebuE. ArikekparI. Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on molecular perspectives.Int. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Res.2016490101
    [Google Scholar]
  2. ShahpaweeN.S. ChawL.L. MuharramS.H. GohP.H. HussainZ. MingL.C. Antibiotic consumption and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance: Online survey.Preprints2020934910.20944/preprints202005.0362.v1
    [Google Scholar]
  3. O’RourkeA. BeyhanS. ChoiY. MoralesP. ChanA.P. EspinozaJ.L. DupontC.L. MeyerK.J. SpoeringA. LewisK. NiermanW.C. NelsonK.E. Mechanism-of-action classification of antibiotics by global transcriptome profiling.Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.2020643e01207e0121910.1128/AAC.01207‑19 31907190
    [Google Scholar]
  4. PeachK.C. BrayW.M. WinslowD. LiningtonP.F. LiningtonR.G. Mechanism of action-based classification of antibiotics using high-content bacterial image analysis.Mol. Biosyst.2013971837184810.1039/c3mb70027e 23609915
    [Google Scholar]
  5. AslamB. WangW. ArshadM.I. KhurshidM. MuzammilS. RasoolM.H. NisarM.A. AlviR.F. AslamM.A. QamarM.U. SalamatM.K.F. BalochZ. Antibiotic resistance: A rundown of a global crisis.Infect. Drug Resist.2018111645165810.2147/IDR.S173867 30349322
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Kaur SodhiK. SinghC.K. Recent development in the sustainable remediation of antibiotics: A review.Total Envir. Res. Themes20223-410000810.1016/j.totert.2022.100008
    [Google Scholar]
  7. InsaniW.N. QonitaN.A. JannahS.S. NuraliyahN.M. SupadmiW. GateraV.A. AlfianS.D. AbdulahR. Improper disposal practice of unused and expired pharmaceutical products in Indonesian households.Heliyon202067e0455110.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04551 32760838
    [Google Scholar]
  8. SantosD.F. SilveiraM.P.T. CamargoA.L. MatijasevichA. SantosI.S. BarrosA.J.D. BertoldiA.D. Unsafe storage of household medicines: Results from a cross-sectional study of four-year-olds from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort (Brazil).BMC Pediatr.201919123510.1186/s12887‑019‑1597‑1 31319811
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KnoblerS.L. LemonS.M. NajafiM. BurroughsT. Factors contributing to the emergence of resistance.The Resistance Phenomenon in Microbes and Infectious Disease Vectors: Implications for Human Health and Strategies for Containment: Workshop Summary.USANational Academies Press2003
    [Google Scholar]
  10. SarpongE.M. MillerG.E. Narrow- and broad-spectrum antibiotic use among US children.Health Serv. Res.201550383084610.1111/1475‑6773.12260 25424240
    [Google Scholar]
  11. AlukoO.O. ObafemiT.H. ObiajunwaP.O. ObiajunwaC.J. ObisanyaO.A. OdanyeO.H. OdeleyeA.O. Solid waste management and health hazards associated with residence around open dumpsites in heterogeneous urban settlements in Southwest Nigeria.Int. J. Environ. Health Res.20223261313132810.1080/09603123.2021.1879738 33586533
    [Google Scholar]
  12. FairR.J. TorY. Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century.Perspect. Med. Chem.20146PMC.S1445910.4137/PMC.S14459 25232278
    [Google Scholar]
  13. UgoezeK. AlalorC. IbezimC. ChinkoB. OwonaroP. AnieC. OkoronkwoN. MgbahurikeA. OfomataC. Alfred-UgbenboD. NdukwuG. Environmental and human health impact of antibiotics waste mismanagement: A review.AEER20245112110.21926/aeer.2401005
    [Google Scholar]
  14. BashaarM. ThawaniV. HassaliM.A. SaleemF. Disposal practices of unused and expired pharmaceuticals among general public in Kabul.BMC Public Health20171714510.1186/s12889‑016‑3975‑z 28061902
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Mora-GamboaM.P.C. Rincón-GamboaS.M. Ardila-LealL.D. Poutou-PiñalesR.A. Pedroza-RodríguezA.M. Quevedo-HidalgoB.E. Impact of antibiotics as waste, physical, chemical, and enzymatical degradation: Use of laccases.Molecules20222714443610.3390/molecules27144436 35889311
    [Google Scholar]
  16. EffahC.Y. AmoahA.N. LiuH. AgboyiborC. MiaoL. WangJ. WuY. A population-base survey on knowledge, attitude and awareness of the general public on antibiotic use and resistance.Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control20209110510.1186/s13756‑020‑00768‑9 32653034
    [Google Scholar]
  17. MittalN. GoelP. GoelK. SharmaR. NathB. SinghS. ThangarajuP. MittalR. KahkashaK. MithraP. SahuR. PriyadarshiniR.P. SharmaN. PalaS. RohillaS.K. KaushalJ. SahS. RustagiS. SahR. BarbozaJ.J. Awareness regarding antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic prescribing behavior among physicians: Results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey in India.Antibiotics20231210149610.3390/antibiotics12101496 37887197
    [Google Scholar]
  18. KassahunH. TesfayeD. Disposal practices of unused medications among patients in public health centers of Dessie town, northeast Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.Curr. Drug Saf.202015210511010.2174/1574886315666200331140400 32228428
    [Google Scholar]
  19. ShehadehM.B. SuaifanG.A.R.Y. HammadE.A. Active educational intervention as a tool to improve safe and appropriate use of antibiotics.Saudi Pharm. J.201624561161510.1016/j.jsps.2015.03.025 27752235
    [Google Scholar]
  20. ChanY.H. FanM.M. FokC.M. LokZ.L. NiM. SinC.F. WongK.K. WongS.M. YeungR. YeungT.T. ChowW.C. LamT.H. SchoolingC.M. Antibiotics nonadherence and knowledge in a community with the world’s leading prevalence of antibiotics resistance: Implications for public health intervention.Am. J. Infect. Control201240211311710.1016/j.ajic.2011.03.017 21741119
    [Google Scholar]
  21. BorekA.J. EdwardsG. SantilloM. WanatM. GlogowskaM. ButlerC.C. WalkerA.S. HaywardG. Tonkin-CrineS. Re-examining advice to complete antibiotic courses: A qualitative study with clinicians and patients.BJGP Open202372BJGPO. 2022.0170.10.3399/BJGPO.2022.0170 36720563
    [Google Scholar]
  22. DaghmouriM.A. DudoignonE. ChaouchM.A. BaekgaardJ. BougleA. LeoneM. DeniauB. DepretF. Comparison of a short versus long-course antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.EClinicalMedicine20235810188010.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101880 36911269
    [Google Scholar]
  23. LeeR.A. StriplingJ.T. SpellbergB. CentorR.M. Short-course antibiotics for common infections: What do we know and where do we go from here?Clin. Microbiol. Infect.202329215015910.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.024 36075498
    [Google Scholar]
  24. ArabiaS. Unused and expired medicines: Investigating the knowledge and practice of general community.Lat. Am. J. Pharm.202039526531
    [Google Scholar]
  25. MirzaN. GangulyB. Utilization of medicines available at home by general population of rural and urban set up of Western India.J. Clin. Diagn. Res.2016108FC05FC0910.7860/JCDR/2016/20600.8298 27656460
    [Google Scholar]
  26. KanyariS.S. SenapatiT.R. KarA. Disposal practices of unused and expired medicines among the general public and pharmacies: A mixed-method study in the Odisha State of Eastern India.Cureus2024161e5235910.7759/cureus.52359 38361720
    [Google Scholar]
  27. WongpoowarakP. WanakamaneeU. PanpongthamK. TrisdikoonP. WongpoowarakW. NgorsurachesS. Unused medications at home - reasons and costs.Int. J. Pharm. Pract.201012314114810.1211/0022357044300
    [Google Scholar]
  28. AlmomaniB.A. HijaziB.M. AwwadO. KhasawnehR.A. Prevalence and predictors of non-adherence to short-term antibiotics: A population-based survey.PLoS One2022175e026828510.1371/journal.pone.0268285 35588114
    [Google Scholar]
  29. DasJ. ChowdhuryA. HussamR. BanerjeeA.V. The impact of training informal health care providers in India: A randomized controlled trial.Science20163546308aaf738410.1126/science.aaf7384 27846471
    [Google Scholar]
  30. SulisG. DanielsB. KwanA. GandraS. DaftaryA. DasJ. PaiM. Antibiotic overuse in the primary health care setting: A secondary data analysis of standardised patient studies from India, China and Kenya.BMJ Glob. Health202059e00339310.1136/bmjgh‑2020‑003393 32938614
    [Google Scholar]
  31. OcanM. ObukuE.A. BwangaF. AkenaD. RichardS. Ogwal-OkengJ. ObuaC. Household antimicrobial self-medication: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries.BMC Public Health201515174210.1186/s12889‑015‑2109‑3 26231758
    [Google Scholar]
  32. MallahN. OrsiniN. FigueirasA. TakkoucheB. Income level and antibiotic misuse: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.Eur. J. Health Econ.20222361015103510.1007/s10198‑021‑01416‑8 34845563
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Al-TarawnehA. AliT. Al-TaaniG.M. Public patterns and determinants of antibiotic self-medication and antibiotic knowledge in Southern Jordan.Antibiotics20241319810.3390/antibiotics13010098 38275327
    [Google Scholar]
  34. JamhourA. El-KheirA. SalamehP. HannaP.A. MansourH. Antibiotic knowledge and self-medication practices in a developing country: A cross-sectional study.Am. J. Infect. Control201745438438810.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.026 28087169
    [Google Scholar]
  35. RaykovaM.R. McGuireK. PevelerW.J. CorriganD.K. HenriquezF.L. WardA.C. Towards direct detection of tetracycline residues in milk with a gold nanostructured electrode.PLoS One2023186e028782410.1371/journal.pone.0287824 37368910
    [Google Scholar]
  36. DashS. IslamM.S. Azithromycin and metals complex interaction: A systemic review on drug-metals interaction. Acta.Sci. Pharm.2020135
    [Google Scholar]
  37. SainiS. NagarajanS.S. SarmaR.K. Knowledge, attitude and practices of bio-medical waste management amongst staff of a tertiary level hospital in India.J. Acad. Hosp. Adm.200517
    [Google Scholar]
  38. MathurV. DwivediS. HassanM.A. MisraR.P. Knowledge, attitude, and practices about biomedical waste management among healthcare personnel: A cross-sectional study.Indian J. Community Med.201136214314510.4103/0970‑0218.84135 21976801
    [Google Scholar]
  39. MunshiR. DhimanA. MauryaM. A cross-sectional survey to assess the drug disposal practices of unused and expired medicines among lay public visiting a tertiary care hospital in an urban metropolis.Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.202367293510.25259/IJPP_486_2022
    [Google Scholar]
  40. LuZ.Y. MaY.L. ZhangJ.T. FanN.S. HuangB.C. JinR.C. A critical review of antibiotic removal strategies: Performance and mechanisms.J. Water Process Eng.20203810168110.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101681
    [Google Scholar]
  41. HillerC.X. HübnerU. FajnorovaS. SchwartzT. DrewesJ.E. Antibiotic microbial resistance (AMR) removal efficiencies by conventional and advanced wastewater treatment processes: A review.Sci. Total Environ.201968559660810.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.315 31195321
    [Google Scholar]
  42. ManiA. ThawaniV. The persisting environmental problem of disposal of expired and unused medicines.J. Mahatma Gandhi Inst. Med. Sci.2019241131610.4103/jmgims.jmgims_43_18
    [Google Scholar]
  43. TaiY. TamN.F.Y. DaiY. YangY. LinJ. TaoR. YangY. WangJ. WangR. HuangW. XuX. Assessment of rhizosphere processes for removing water-borne macrolide antibiotics in constructed wetlands.Plant Soil20174191-248950210.1007/s11104‑017‑3359‑x
    [Google Scholar]
  44. AlthagafiA. AlshibaniM. AlshehriS. NoorA. BaglagelA. AlmeleebiaT. Assessment of knowledge and awareness of safe disposal of unused or expired medication in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.Saudi Pharm. J.202230111672167810.1016/j.jsps.2022.09.012 36465848
    [Google Scholar]
  45. NkohJ.N. OderindeO. EtafoN.O. KifleG.A. OkekeE.S. EjeromedogheneO. MgbechidinmaC.L. OkeE.A. RaheemS.A. BakareO.C. OgunlajaO.O. SindikuO. OladejiO.S. Recent perspective of antibiotics remediation: A review of the principles, mechanisms, and chemistry controlling remediation from aqueous media.Sci. Total Environ.202388116346910.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163469 37061067
    [Google Scholar]
  46. HomemV. SantosL. Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices - A review.J. Environ. Manage.201192102304234710.1016/j.jenvman.2011.05.023 21680081
    [Google Scholar]
  47. AlamM.U. FerdousS. ErcumenA. LinA. KamalA. LuiesS.K. ShariorF. KhanR. RahmanM.Z. ParvezS.M. AminN. TadesseB.T. MoushomiN.A. HasanR. TanejaN. IslamM.A. RahmanM. Effective treatment strategies for the removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic-resistance genes, and antibiotic residues in the effluent from wastewater treatment plants receiving municipal, hospital, and domestic wastewater: Protocol for a systematic review.JMIR Res. Protoc.20211011e3336510.2196/33365 34842550
    [Google Scholar]
  48. KotwaniA. JoshiJ. LamkangA.S. Over-the-counter sale of antibiotics in India: A qualitative study of providers’ perspectives across two states.Antibiotics2021109112310.3390/antibiotics10091123 34572705
    [Google Scholar]
  49. RochaC.S. KochiL.Y. RibeiroG.B. RochaD.C. CarneiroD.N.M. GomesM.P. Evaluating aquatic macrophytes for removing erythromycin from contaminated water: Floating or submerged?Int. J. Phytoremediation2022249995100310.1080/15226514.2021.1991268 34686072
    [Google Scholar]
  50. AmangelsinY. SemenovaY. DadarM. AljofanM. BjørklundG. The impact of tetracycline pollution on the aquatic environment and removal strategies.Antibiotics202312344010.3390/antibiotics12030440 36978308
    [Google Scholar]
  51. RajakR. MahtoR.K. PrasadJ. ChattopadhyayA. Assessment of bio-medical waste before and during the emergency of novel Coronavirus disease pandemic in India: A gap analysis.Waste Manag. Res.202240447048110.1177/0734242X211021473 34044644
    [Google Scholar]
  52. SaxenaP. PradhanI.P. KumarD. Redefining bio medical waste management during COVID-19 in India: A way forward.Mater. Today Proc.20226084985810.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.507 34660210
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/aia/10.2174/0122113525373549250613060954
Loading
/content/journals/aia/10.2174/0122113525373549250613060954
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test