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2000
Volume 23, Issue 5
  • ISSN: 2211-3525
  • E-ISSN: 2211-3533

Abstract

Avian Influenza (AI) viruses are a class of viruses that have been discovered in birds. A valuable insight gained from previous pandemics is that every pandemic influenza virus now under study has viral genes derived from Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs). Avian Influenza (AI) consists of Haemagglutinin (H1–H16) and all 9-neuraminidase influenza. We provide an overview of the epidemiology and outcomes of AIV infections in different countries. Worldwide, 3417 human cases were reported, over which a thousand people died as a result of viruses carrying the Hemagglutinin (HA) gene of subtypes H7-H9. Since the data was recorded in 1966, the first human cases were reported in 1998 up to December 2023 (with 128 reported human infections globally), most occurring in China. The Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was first identified in 2020 in South Korea. These viruses have killed at least 622 million domestic birds and triggered multiple illness outbreaks in wild and domestic poultry. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) is a milder virus that mostly affects the respiratory system. Three waves of influenza outbreaks have been caused by the H7 influenza viruses, which are transmitted by wild birds and have affected multiple continents. On May 22, 2024, India's National Focal Point reported a case of avian influenza A(H9N2) in a person from West Bengal, India.

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An Emerging Outbreak of H7 and H9 Avian Influenza Viruses among Different Countries: A Review
Anti Infect. Agents 23, E22113525351925 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0122113525351925250121103042
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  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Avian influenza virus; haemagglutinin; HPAI; LPAI; neuraminidase; pandemic

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