Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in Various Types of Cancers

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The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was first isolated and characterized in the bovine lungs. Mammalian lungs express a relatively higher level of RAGE than other organs of the mammalian body. Physiologically, RAGE guards from lung cancer development owing to which, a diminished RAGE expression is implicated in the lung cancer complication. Opposed to this, a high-level RAGE expression is associated with the development of various cancers including breast, ovary, prostate, pancreatic, colon and colorectal, hepatocellular, melanoma, and neuronal. Interactions of RAGE and its multiple ligands, namely advanced glycation end products (AGE), high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), S100/calgranulin, Mac 1, amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, and others are involved in the complications of cancers. Besides their interactions with RAGE, RAGE ligands also independently aggravate the cancer-promoting actions. In cancer cells, the cellular events affected by RAGE include proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, autophagy, invasion, and metastasis. RAGE-ligands interaction aggravates inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to the propagation of various diseases including cancers.