Why Empathy is Sometimes Lacking: The Influence of Environmental Factors

Chapter Three reviews the reasons why empathy is sometimes lacking. Degrees of empathy are presented first, ranging from a complete lack of empathy to very empathetic behaviour. It is pointed out that empathy is located in the human gene code. However, the development and sustained experience of empathy require a lifelong process of relational interaction that begins with early infancy. Evidence from orphanage studies reveals that the experience of empathy is often necessary for basic survival. The following circumstances are presented as hindering the development of empathy in children: lack of healthy emotions in a primary caregiver; neglect or abuse; the de-emphasis of close family or social relationships in modern Western society; as well as various forms of stress. The positive and negative influences of social media on empathy are discussed. Bullying and evil are compared, and evil acts are presumed to occur as a result of complete empathy erosion and turning people into objects. However, due to the proposition that people are capable of positive change, we are encouraged to view evil not as a permanent personality trait but as a form of severe lack of empathy. Specific reasons why some helping professionals lack skill in applying empathy in the clinical setting are also discussed, followed by suggested strategies for incorporating empathy training into educational programs. In the Case in Point, a new nurse shares her story of not knowing how to respond when confronted with a patient`s sadness. A simulation role play exercise is suggested to practice active listening and non-verbal communication techniques to convey empathy.