RESULTS:

Background: Indonesia has made progress in achieving the target of reducing malnutrition cases but 10.2% are still malnourished according to data from The Global Nutrition Report 2020. Intake of micronutrients one of which is vitamin C affects the incidence of malnutrition cases. Vitamin C has the function of maintaining health through the immune system. One supplementary feeding program that can overcome cases of malnutrition is Modified Dietetic Skimmed Milk and Coconut Oil (Modisco). Modisco's reception is not very good especially for toddlers because it is in the form of liquid. Modisco pudding with the addition of crystal guava juice aims to improve the taste and increase the nutritional value of Vitamin C. Objective: The objective of the study is to analyze the content of Vitamin C in the preference test of Modisco pudding with the addition of crystal guava juice at 0% 15% 30% and 45% concentration. Methods: This study used a quasi experimental design involving 4 treatments and 3 replications. The research subjects were 25 panelists of elementary school students. Results: The results showed the levels of Vitamin C in various proportions to be significantly different (p ≤ 005). The results of the preference test showed significant differences in the color aroma taste and texture of the modisco pudding with the addition of crystal guava juice (p ≤ 005). Conclusion: The results showed that with more addition of crystal guava juice the level of vitamin C increased but the level of preference decreased. The most preferred Modisco pudding was X1 (addition of 15%) with a vitamin C content of 144 mg.

Malnutrition in children is a major problem in developing countries. An increased number of children are dying because of a lack of nutrition in their regular diet. The nutritional value of food during the growing stage of children is important. The development of the human body requires various types of nutrition for normal growth which is obtained from a regular healthy diet. In this study an exhaustive literature survey was done using Pubmed Google Scholar and various other internet sources and also other reference records were studied. This review highlighted the causes and consequences of the perpetual lack of a healthy diet that leads to malnutrition. It also summarized the steps taken for the management and treatment of malnutrition. This review may be a vital tool for the researchers working on malnutrition for its proper understanding.

Overcoming food and nutritional insecurity among the elderly pregnant women and children under five years remains a big challenge to human and sustainable development in many resourse- poor communities in developing countries where over 57% of the people go to bed hungry. Diversification of dietary habit to include derelict plant genetic resources which are cheap readily available and affordable could contribute to the daily dietary requirements of these resource poor people. This work was initiated to explore the nutritional values of some Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) from Nigeria as an innovative approach of reducing food and nutrition insecurity in this country. Multidimensional Analysis (MDA) for decision making tool was used to pool the desirable nutrients in each of these species and rank them. These were then compared with Lactuca sativa var. longifolia L (exotic). Results from these analyses showed that these NUS are endowed with appreciable levels of nutrients. MDA showed that S. occidentalis ranked 1st with a WF of (4.16) followed by T. occidentals 2nd with WF of (3.75) when all desirable nutrient values of high moisture carbohydrate protein content low fat and better energy calorie (kcal) nutrients were pooled together amongst these species. It implies that these NUS could contribute to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for micronutrient as recommended US8053007B2 and could help in reducing malnutrition as entrenched in the Millennium Development Goal (MDGs). There is a need for expanded policy programmes for sustainable enlightenment on their nutritional benefits in order to promote their selection as part of cooked food cultivation and green job creation.

Malnutrition is a complex syndrome caused by an inadequate intake of energy protein minerals and vitamins which affects the immune system. Nutritional imbalances present in children with energy-protein malnutrition and infections make defining the specific effects of each of them on the thymus difficult. For this reason it is necessary to design an experimental model in animals that could define a single variable. As the thymus atrophy described in humans is similar to that observed in murines a rat experimental model makes the extrapolation to man possible. Some authors suggest that the activity of Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) - involved in purine metabolism - have an influence on T lymphocyte development and the immune system due to intracellular accumulation of toxic levels of deoxynucleotides. Studies in our group performed in an experimental model on Wistar growing rats have demonstrated that protein deficiency or imbalance in the profile of essential amino acids in the diet produce loss of thymus weight reduction in the number of thymocytes a diminished proportion of T cells presenting the W3/13 antigenic determinant and DNA content with concomitant increase in cell size and the proportion of immature T cells and activity of ADA and PNP without modifying the activity of 5´Nucleotidase in the thymus. It is important to point out that there were neither differences in energy intake between experimental groups and their controls nor clinical symptoms of deficiency of other nutrients. The increase in these thymic enzyme activities was an alternative mechanism to avoid the accumulation of high levels of deoxynucleotides which would be toxic for T lymphocytes. On the other hand the administration of a recovery diet with a high amount of high quality protein was able to reverse the mentioned effects. The quick reply of Adenosine Deaminase to nutritional disorders and the following nutritional recovery points out to this determination as a potential functional marker of nutritional status. Some authors have demonstrated an increase in ADA activity in serum and other biological fluids in patients with various diseases involving defense mechanisms. According to these findings it could be inferred that ADA activity in serum would follow the same behavior as observed in a rat thymus. So we have analyzed if its determination could be considered a functional biochemical parameter in populations at nutritional risk. We analyzed the serum ADA activity in groups of individuals with altered nutritional status evaluated through different markers - young adult patients with Nervous Anorexia overweight or obese school children children suffering cystic fibrosis. The results show a statistically significant increase in the ADA activity in all groups with respect to their healthy controls - same age range and socio economic status. The results obtained to date suggest the importance of including the determination of serum Adenosine Deaminase activity in the biochemical evaluation of the nutritional status as a functional marker related to defense mechanisms.

Nutrition and food security are essential components of public health and sustainable development particularly in developing nations. Malnutrition and food insecurity pose significant challenges to individual well-being and community resilience. This chapter explores strategies for addressing these issues including promoting sustainable agriculture empowering communities and strengthening food value chains. By prioritizing nutrition education women's empowerment and community engagement societies can improve health outcomes foster sustainable development and create resilient communities capable of overcoming food security challenges.

General Pediatrics holds a prominent place as one of the primary specialty subjects in medical school and medical practice. An understanding of children's health and disease is important for every physician but particularly for pediatricians. Medical students become pediatricians (and other specialists) after graduation and residency. Ukot's Back to Basics MCQs: Mental Health General Pediatrics and Family Medicine considers it expedient to include general pediatrics no matter how few the questions are and how brief the notes accompanying the answers are. Pediatrics is so important that it has numerous sub-specialties which include pediatric surgery cardiology neurology nephrology and psychiatry. The author of this proposed book considers it important to select globally relevant and common conditions in childhood for inclusion in this short volume – this was difficult to achieve as what to include is fewer than what to exclude.

The population of cancer patients and the procedures they undergo have been increasing over the years. Knowing how cancer affects patients is important for perioperative anesthetic management. This chapter will describe the importance of the preoperative evaluation of cancer patients and their perioperative implications. Besides their primary cancers these patients often have comorbidities treatment regimens and side effects that can affect the anesthetic plan. This chapter will explore the different organ systems affected by cancer and the perioperative considerations for the anesthesia provider.