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A Review on Gastroprotective Mechanisms and their Augmentation by External Agents
The oral route is the most typical way to provide medication due to its benefits including non-invasiveness patient compliance and ease of medication delivery. One of the most often recommended pharmacological groups for the treatment of pain and inflammatory disease is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines. However the major side effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines is PUD (peptic ulcer disease). An imbalance in the action of gastroprotective and aggressive agents causes gastric ulcers. Gastroprotective mechanisms include the mucus layer mucosal repair capacity gastric epithelium and gastric blood flow. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on gastroprotective mechanisms. As discussed mucin acts as a filter and gastric epithelial defenses include the cell barrier stem cells and a sensor on the mucosal surface.
Oral Vaccines: A Revolution in Preventive Medicine
The development and widespread implementation of oral vaccines have marked a significant milestone in preventive medicine offering a revolutionary approach to combat infectious diseases. Unlike traditional injectable vaccines oral vaccines are administered through the oral route making them more accessible and easier to distribute particularly in resource-limited settings. This chapter discusses the transformative impact of oral vaccines on disease prevention highlighting their advantages challenges and prospects. The efficacy of oral vaccines is related to their ease of administration eliminating the need for needles and trained healthcare personnel which can be barriers in certain populations. This feature enhances vaccine acceptance and coverage especially in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. Moreover oral vaccines stimulate mucosal immunity at the site of pathogen entry providing an additional layer of protection against infectious agents transmitted through mucosal surfaces such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Several oral vaccines have been developed to target a range of infectious diseases including polio rotavirus and cholera. The success of oral polio vaccine campaigns for instance has led to the near eradication of poliovirus in many parts of the world. Similarly oral rotavirus vaccines have significantly reduced the burden of diarrheal diseases particularly in children under five years old in both developed and developing countries. Vaccine safety and efficacy concerns remain subject to ongoing research and development efforts. Overcoming these challenges requires interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists clinicians and policymakers to optimize vaccine formulations delivery strategies and regulatory frameworks. In conclusion oral vaccines represent a paradigm shift in preventive medicine offering a potent tool to combat infectious diseases globally. Continued research innovation and investment in oral vaccine development and delivery platforms are essential to realizing their full potential and ensuring equitable access to life-saving immunization strategies worldwide.