Recent Advances in Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery - Online First
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21 - 24 of 24 results
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Efficacy of Eugenol Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles on Sepsis Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Available online: 11 October 2024More LessBackgroundSepsis is a life-threatening condition responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates around the world and is characterized by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in multiple organ dysfunctions. Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound derived from clove oil. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer characteristics, which have led to its extensive use in diverse fields, including cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacology. The ongoing study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (EC-NPs) on sepsis-induced liver damage using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model.
MethodsThirty male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: Sham, sepsis, and septic rats treated with chitosan, eugenol, or EC-NPs.
ResultsEC-NPs showed excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. EC-NP administration significantly improved liver function, as indicated by the decreased liver enzyme activities and C-reactive protein (CRP) level, as well as the increase of albumin content. Moreover, EC-NPs caused an increase in glutathione-reduced and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as a reduction of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide formation. In addition, the EC-NP treatment reduced the DNA damage in septic rats; also, the EC-NP treatment repaired, to some extent, the abnormal architecture of the hepatic tissues of septic rats. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical examination showed a marked decrease in inflammation through the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β expression.
ConclusionIn conclusion, EC-NPs attenuated liver injury in sepsis through its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidant activities and protection of DNA.
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Unlocking Toll-Like Receptors: Targeting Therapeutics for Respiratory Tract Infections and Inflammatory Disorders
Authors: Vishal Pandey, Debasis Sen, Sunny Rathee, Sakshi Soni, Shashank Mishra, Sanjay K. Jain and Umesh K. PatilAvailable online: 08 October 2024More LessThe Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) family has significantly enhanced the understanding of innate immune responses by identifying and responding to various microbes or host-derived organisms. TLRs contribute to these responses by increasing the levels of cytokines, interleukins, and other inflammatory mediators through multiple pathways. Located both intracellularly and on the surface of various cells and tissues, including vascular smooth muscles (VSMs) and myocardium cells, TLRs play distinct roles in innate immune activation, such as recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activating downstream signaling pathways. In the context of COVID-19, TLRs are critically involved in the pathophysiology by mediating excessive inflammatory responses that exacerbate disease severity, influencing both the acute phase and long-term outcomes. It has been observed that inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, viral myocarditis, and other comorbidities associated with the spread of COVID-19 have increased, although the exact mechanisms remain not fully understood. Nonetheless, there is evidence of TLR-mediated increased pro-inflammatory signaling by different mechanisms in these diseases. This review explains the role of TLRs in various inflammatory diseases related to COVID-19, including viral myocarditis, acute lung infections, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the review discusses various herbal drugs, such as Platycodon grandiflorum, Acanthopanax senticosus, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and Engelhardia roxburghiana, and their mechanisms of action on TLRs, including NF-κB, MyD88-dependent, MyD88-independent pathways, and Plasmacytoid DCs. Enhanced clarity on TLRs' specific contributions to COVID-19 pathophysiology and stronger evidence supporting herbal interventions targeting TLRs could improve the impact and applicability of these findings in clinical settings.
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Integrating Precision Medicine in Diabetes Mellitus: Enhancing Wound Healing and Shaping Future Therapies
Authors: Abhash Kumar, Avijit Mazumder, Priyanka Bansal, Pankaj Kumar Tyagi and Amrinder KaurAvailable online: 03 October 2024More LessThis extensive analysis explores the dynamic interface between precision medicine and diabetes mellitus treatment, with a specific emphasis on wound healing in diabetic populations. Beginning with an insightful introduction, the article underscores the critical importance of effective wound healing within the broader context of diabetes mellitus, while tracing the evolutionary trajectory of precision medicine in healthcare. By elucidating the pathophysiological intricacies of diabetic wound healing, the review unveils the complex molecular mechanisms that drive this multifaceted process. Subsequently, a meticulous exploration follows into the application of precision medicine paradigms in diabetic wound care, delineating fundamental principles and diverse avenues through which precision medicine strategies can optimize diabetes management. Through a nuanced discussion of targeted therapies and interventions, the review highlights burgeoning approaches tailored to individual patient needs, accentuating the transformative potential of precision medicine in reshaping treatment paradigms. Drawing upon clinical trials and compelling case studies, the article offers valuable insights into the real-world efficacy of precision treatment modalities, elucidating successful applications and their profound implications for diabetic wound healing outcomes. Moreover, the review anticipates and addresses emerging challenges and future trajectories within the field, including the pivotal roles of biomarkers and diagnostic modalities, the integration of telemedicine platforms, and the increasing influence of artificial intelligence on diabetic wound healing endeavours. By synthesizing contemporary knowledge and delineating prospective pathways, this review underscores the catalytic potential of precision medicine in heralding a new era of enhanced outcomes for diabetic patients grappling with impaired wound healing.
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Preliminary In silico Analysis of Adenylate Kinase 1 (ADK1) of Echinococcus granulosus as a Candidate for Vaccination against Cystic Echinococcosis
Available online: 19 September 2024More LessBackgroundA neglected zoonosis, Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), is most common in developing nations worldwide. Vaccination is, therefore, helpful in preventing the disease.
ObjectivePredicting the main biochemical properties of E. granulosus Adenylate Kinase 1 (ADK1) and its possible B-cell and T-cell-binding epitopes as a valuable candidate for immunization was the goal of the current study.
MethodsPredictions were made to determine biochemical, antigenic, structural, and subcellular characteristics, along with the immunogenic epitopes, using several online servers.
ResultsThe extracellular 22 KDa protein had no allergenicity, while it possessed hydrophilicity (GRAVY: -0.286), stability (instability: 17.48), tolerance to a wide range of temperatures (aliphatic: 93.45), and 17 post-translational modification sites. The secondary structure mostly comprised helices and random coils and the 3D model was generated using Robetta server (confidence: 0.88). Common B-cell epitopes were discovered by three servers and screened for antigenic, allergenic, and solubility traits. Moreover, MHC-associated epitopes for mice and humans were predicted in E. granulosus ADK1 with subsequent screening.
ConclusionThis work offers a foundation for further investigation on designing an effective vaccination against CE. Further empirical research study with the examined protein solely or combined with other antigens is needed.
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