Skip to content
2000
image of New Therapeutic Options Against Clinically Relevant Proteases in Cancer Progression

Abstract

Proteases are key regulators in cancer progression and metastasis, representing promising therapeutic targets. This review underscores the critical role of diverse proteases—encompassing cell surface ectoproteases, extracellular proteases, and intracellular proteases—in tumor biology, with a focus on the most significant and clinically relevant ones. Their overexpression in tumors reflects their importance in cancer development, invasion, and drug resistance. Emerging research has unveiled novel strategies to target proteases for cancer therapy, offering hope for improved treatment outcomes. However, challenges, such as selectivity, drug delivery, and toxicity remain significant hurdles to overcome. This article discusses current advancements, challenges, and future opportunities in targeting proteases for cancer therapy.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575426438251104072459
2026-02-24
2026-03-03
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Rakash S. Role of proteases in cancer: A review. Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2012 7 4 90 101 10.5897/BMBR11.027
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Song R. Qiao W. He J. Huang J. Luo Y. Yang T. Proteases and their modulators in cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities. J. Med. Chem. 2021 64 6 2851 2877 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01640 33656892
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Verhulst E. Garnier D. De Meester I. Bauvois B. Validating cell surface proteases as drug targets for cancer therapy: What do we know, and where do we go? Cancers 2022 14 3 624 10.3390/cancers14030624 35158891
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Radisky E.S. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J. Biol. Chem. 2024 300 6 107347 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347 38718867
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Rudzińska M. Parodi A. Soond S.M. Vinarov A.Z. Korolev D.O. Morozov A.O. Daglioglu C. Tutar Y. Zamyatnin A.A. The role of cysteine cathepsins in cancer progression and drug resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019 20 14 3602 10.3390/ijms20143602 31340550
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Vizovisek M. Ristanovic D. Menghini S. Christiansen M.G. Schuerle S. The tumor proteolytic landscape: A challenging frontier in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021 22 5 2514 10.3390/ijms22052514 33802262
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Trezza A. Potential roles of protease inhibitors in anticancer therapy. Cancer-leading proteases. Elsevier 2020 13 49 10.1016/B978‑0‑12‑818168‑3.00002‑4
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Cid-Gallegos M.S. Corzo-Ríos L.J. Jiménez-Martínez C. Sánchez-Chino X.M. Protease inhibitors from plants as therapeutic agents-A review. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2022 77 1 20 29 10.1007/s11130‑022‑00949‑4 35000105
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Gureeva T.A. Timoshenko O.S. Kugaevskaya E.V. Cysteine cathepsins: Structure, physiological functions, and the role in carcinogenesis. Biochem. Moscow Suppl. Ser. B. 2022 16 91 103 10.1134/S1990750822020056
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Yang P. Li Z.Y. Li H.Q. Potential roles of protease inhibitors in cancer progression. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2016 16 18 8047 8052 10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.18.8047 26745037
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Niland S. Riscanevo A.X. Eble J.A. Matrix metalloproteinases shape the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021 23 1 146 10.3390/ijms23010146 35008569
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bajbouj K. Ramakrishnan R.K. Hamid Q. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in angiogenesis and its implications in asthma. J. Immunol. Res. 2021 2021 1 1 12 10.1155/2021/6645072 33628848
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Arrebola Sánchez Y. Almeida García F. Ojeda del Sol D. Valdés-Tresanco M.E. Ortiz C.D. Sánchez Ramírez B. Pascual Alonso I. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV: A multifunctional enzyme with implications in several pathologies including cancer. Phys. Sci. Rev. 2024 9 8 2541 2596 10.1515/psr‑2022‑0288
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Pan K. Ohnuma K. Morimoto C. Dang N.H. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV and its multiple biological functions. Cureus 2021 13 2 e13495 10.7759/cureus.13495 33777580
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Busek P. Duke-Cohan J.S. Sedo A. Does DPP-IV inhibition offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention in malignant disease? Cancers 2022 14 9 2072 10.3390/cancers14092072 35565202
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kawakita E. Koya D. Kanasaki K. CD26/DPP-4: Type 2 diabetes drug target with potential influence on cancer biology. Cancers 2021 13 9 2191 10.3390/cancers13092191 34063285
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Yu D.M.T. Yao T.W. Chowdhury S. Nadvi N.A. Osborne B. Church W.B. McCaughan G.W. Gorrell M.D. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV family in cancer and cell biology. FEBS J. 2010 277 5 1126 1144 10.1111/j.1742‑4658.2009.07526.x 20074209
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Iacobellis G. COVID-19 and diabetes: Can DPP4 inhibition play a role? Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2020 162 108125 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108125 32224164
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Buczyńska A. Kościuszko M. Krętowski A.J. Popławska-Kita A. Exploring the clinical utility of DPP-IV and SGLT2 inhibitors in papillary thyroid cancer: A literature review. Front. Pharmacol. 2024 15 1323083 10.3389/fphar.2024.1323083 38292938
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Tian Y. Kong L. Li Y. Liao Z. Cai X. Deng S. Yang X. Zhang B. Wang Y. Zhang Z. Wu B. Wen L. Huang F. Hu Y. Wan C. Liao Y. Sun Y. Yang K. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition sensitizes radiotherapy by promoting T cell infiltration. OncoImmunology 2023 12 1 2268257 10.1080/2162402X.2023.2268257 37849962
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Lei M. Liu J. Gao Y. Dai W. Huang H. Jiang Q. Liu Z. DPP inhibition enhances the efficacy of PD-1 blockade by remodeling the tumor microenvironment in lewis lung carcinoma model. Biomolecules 2024 14 4 391 10.3390/biom14040391 38672409
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Tuersun A. Hou G. Cheng G. Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer risk among patients with type 2 diabetes receiving dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Ther. 2024 46 8 650 656 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.06.015
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Fitzgerald A.A. Weiner L.M. The role of fibroblast activation protein in health and malignancy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2020 39 3 783 803 10.1007/s10555‑020‑09909‑3 32601975
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ma C. Xi S. Sun H. Zhang M. Pei Y. Identifying the oncogenic roles of FAP in human cancers based on systematic analysis. Aging 2023 15 14 7056 7083 10.18632/aging.204892 37490719
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Brennen W.N.J. Thorek D.L. Jiang W. Krueger T.E. Antony L. Denmeade S.R. Isaacs J.T. Overcoming stromal barriers to immuno-oncological responses via fibroblast activation protein-targeted therapy. Immunotherapy 2021 13 2 155 175 10.2217/imt‑2020‑0066 33148078
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Xin L. Gao J. Zheng Z. Chen Y. Lv S. Zhao Z. Yu C. Yang X. Zhang R. Fibroblast activation protein-α as a target in the bench-to-bedside diagnosis and treatment of tumors: A narrative review. Front. Oncol. 2021 11 648187 10.3389/fonc.2021.648187 34490078
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Mori Y. Kratochwil C. Haberkorn U. Giesel F.L. Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor theranostics: Early clinical translation. PET Clin. 2023 18 3 419 428 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.02.007 37030981
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gilardi L. Airò Farulla L.S. Demirci E. Clerici I. Omodeo Salè E. Ceci F. Imaging cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) with FAPi PET. Biomedicines 2022 10 3 523 10.3390/biomedicines10030523 35327325
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Boschi A. Urso L. Uccelli L. Martini P. Filippi L. 99mTc-labeled FAPI compounds for cancer and inflammation: From radiochemistry to the first clinical applications. EJNMMI Radiopharm. Chem. 2024 9 1 36 10.1186/s41181‑024‑00264‑0 38695960
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Ruzzeh S. Abdlkadir A.S. Paez D. Kang K.W. Watabe T. Moghrabi S. Scott A.M. Al-Ibraheem A. Therapeutic potential of FAPI RLT in oncology: A systematic review. Theranostics 2025 15 9 4084 4100 10.7150/thno.106108 40213678
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Zhai M. Yang Z. Zhang C. Li J. Jia J. Zhou L. Lu R. Yao Z. Fu Z. APN-mediated phosphorylation of BCKDK promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and proliferation via the ERK signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis. 2020 11 5 396 10.1038/s41419‑020‑2610‑1 32457292
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Barnieh F.M. Loadman P.M. Falconer R.A. Is tumour-expressed aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13) structurally and functionally unique? Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer 2021 1876 2 188641 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188641 34695533
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lendeckel U. Karimi F. Al Abdulla R. Wolke C. The role of the ectopeptidase APN/CD13 in cancer. Biomedicines 2023 11 3 724 10.3390/biomedicines11030724 36979703
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Farsa O. Ballayová V. Žáčková R. Zubáč P. Aminopeptidase N as a potential drug target. Eur Pharm. J. 2023 70 s2 52 53 10.2478/afpuc‑2024‑0002
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Farsa O. Ballayová V. Žáčková R. Kollar P. Kauerová T. Zubáč P. Aminopeptidase N inhibitors as pointers for overcoming antitumor treatment resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 17 9813 10.3390/ijms23179813 36077208
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Xing X. Li F. Hu Y. Zhang L. Hui Q. Qin H. Jiang Q. Jiang W. Fang C. Zhang L. Discovery of novel tetrahydro-β-carboline containing aminopeptidase N inhibitors as cancer chemosensitizers. Front. Oncol. 2022 12 894842 10.3389/fonc.2022.894842 35677165
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Scheller J. Chalaris A. Garbers C. Rose-John S. ADAM17: A molecular switch to control inflammation and tissue regeneration. Trends Immunol. 2011 32 8 380 387 10.1016/j.it.2011.05.005 21752713
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Reiss K. Saftig P. The “a disintegrin and metalloprotease” (ADAM) family of sheddases: Physiological and cellular functions. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2009 20 2 126 137 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.002 19049889
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Saad M.I. Jenkins B.J. The protease ADAM17 at the crossroads of disease: Revisiting its significance in inflammation, cancer, and beyond. FEBS J. 2024 291 1 10 24 10.1111/febs.16923 37540030
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ding T. Yu Y. Gao L. Xiang L. Xu B. Gu B. Chen H. Predictive roles of ADAM17 in patient survival and immune cell infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 23 17069 10.3390/ijms242317069 38069391
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Wang K. Xuan Z. Liu X. Zheng M. Yang C. Wang H. Immunomodulatory role of metalloproteinase ADAM17 in tumor development. Front. Immunol. 2022 13 1059376 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059376 36466812
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Saad M.I. Rose-John S. Jenkins B.J. ADAM17: An emerging therapeutic target for lung cancer. Cancers 2019 11 9 1218 10.3390/cancers11091218 31438559
    [Google Scholar]
  43. McGowan P.M. Mullooly M. Caiazza F. Sukor S. Madden S.F. Maguire A.A. Pierce A. McDermott E.W. Crown J. O’Donovan N. Duffy M.J. ADAM-17: A novel therapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2013 24 2 362 369 10.1093/annonc/mds279 22967992
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Tateishi H. Tateishi M. Radwan M.O. Masunaga T. Kawatashiro K. Oba Y. Oyama M. Inoue-Kitahashi N. Fujita M. Okamoto Y. Otsuka M. A new inhibitor of ADAM17 composed of a zinc-binding dithiol moiety and a specificity pocket-binding appendage. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2021 69 11 1123 1130 10.1248/cpb.c21‑00701 34719595
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Hedemann N. Herz A. Schiepanski J.H. Dittrich J. Sebens S. Dempfle A. Feuerborn J. Rogmans C. Tribian N. Flörkemeier I. Weimer J. Krüger S. Maass N. Bauerschlag D.O. ADAM17 inhibition increases the impact of cisplatin treatment in ovarian cancer spheroids. Cancers 2021 13 9 2039 10.3390/cancers13092039 33922533
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Saha N. Xu K. Zhu Z. Robev D. Kalidindi T. Xu Y. Himanen J. de Stanchina E. Pillarsetty N.V.K. Dimitrov D.S. Nikolov D.B. Inhibitory monoclonal antibody targeting ADAM17 expressed on cancer cells. Transl. Oncol. 2022 15 1 101265 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101265 34768098
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Friedman S. Levy R. Garrett W. Doval D. Bondarde S. Sahoo T. Lokanatha D. Julka P. Shenoy K. Nagarkar R. Bhattacharyya G. Kumar K. Nag S. Mohan P. Narang N. Raghunadharao D. Walia M. Yao W. Li J. Emm T. Yeleswaram S. Scherle P. Newton R. Clinical benefit of INCB7839, a potent and selective inhibitor of ADAM10 and ADAM17, in combination with trastuzumab in metastatic HER2 positive breast cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2009 69 24 Suppl. 5056 5056 10.1158/0008‑5472.SABCS‑09‑5056
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Newton R.C. Bradley E.C. Levy R.S. Doval D. Bondarde S. Sahoo T.P. Lokanatha D. Julka P.K. Nagarkar R. Friedman S.M. Clinical benefit of INCB7839, a potent and selective ADAM inhibitor, in combination with trastuzumab in patients with metastatic HER2+ breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010 28 15 Suppl. 3025 3025 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.3025
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Henriet P. Emonard H. Matrix metalloproteinase-2: Not (just) a “hero” of the past. Biochimie 2019 166 223 232 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.019 31362036
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Maybee D.V. Ink N.L. Ali M.A.M. Novel roles of MT1-MMP and MMP-2: Beyond the extracellular milieu. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 17 9513 10.3390/ijms23179513 36076910
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Wolosowicz M. Prokopiuk S. Kaminski T.W. The complex role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in health and disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 25 24 13691 10.3390/ijms252413691 39769454
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Siddhartha R. Garg M. Interplay between extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis in tumor ecosystem. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2023 22 3 291 305 10.1158/1535‑7163.MCT‑22‑0595 36861362
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Jiang H. Li H. Prognostic values of tumoral MMP2 and MMP9 overexpression in breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2021 21 1 149 10.1186/s12885‑021‑07860‑2 33568081
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Buttacavoli M. Di Cara G. Roz E. Pucci-Minafra I. Feo S. Cancemi P. Integrated multi-omics investigations of metalloproteinases in colon cancer: Focus on MMP2 and MMP9. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021 22 22 12389 10.3390/ijms222212389 34830271
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Murray N.P. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the metastatic cascade: A review. Oncologie 2024 26 1 27 40 10.1515/oncologie‑2023‑0368
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Sanyal S. Amin S.A. Adhikari N. Jha T. Ligand-based design of anticancer MMP2 inhibitors: A review. Future Med. Chem. 2021 13 22 1987 2013 10.4155/fmc‑2021‑0262 34634916
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Sanyal S. Amin S.A. Banerjee P. Gayen S. Jha T. A review of MMP-2 structures and binding mode analysis of its inhibitors to strategize structure-based drug design. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2022 74 117044 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117044 36244233
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Banerjee S. Amin S.A. Jha T. A fragment-based structural analysis of MMP-2 inhibitors in search of meaningful structural fragments. Comput. Biol. Med. 2022 144 105360 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105360 35278773
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Adhikari N. Mukherjee A. Saha A. Jha T. Arylsulfonamides and selectivity of matrix metalloproteinase-2: An overview. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017 129 72 109 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.014 28219048
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Laronha H. Carpinteiro I. Portugal J. Azul A. Polido M. Petrova K.T. Salema-Oom M. Caldeira J. Challenges in matrix metalloproteinases inhibition. Biomolecules 2020 10 5 717 10.3390/biom10050717 32380782
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Engsig M.T. Chen Q.J. Vu T.H. Pedersen A.C. Therkidsen B. Lund L.R. Henriksen K. Lenhard T. Foged N.T. Werb Z. Delaissé J.M. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment into developing long bones. J. Cell Biol. 2000 151 4 879 890 10.1083/jcb.151.4.879 11076971
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Yabluchanskiy A. Ma Y. Iyer R.P. Hall M.E. Lindsey M.L. Matrix metalloproteinase-9: Many shades of function in cardiovascular disease. Physiology 2013 28 6 391 403 10.1152/physiol.00029.2013 24186934
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Kalali D. The role of the Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 gene in tumor development and metastasis: A narrative review. Glob. Med. Genet. 2023 10 2 48 53 10.1055/s‑0043‑1768166 37077369
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Augoff K. Hryniewicz-Jankowska A. Tabola R. Stach K. MMP9: A tough target for targeted therapy for cancer. Cancers 2022 14 7 1847 10.3390/cancers14071847 35406619
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Mondal S. Adhikari N. Banerjee S. Amin S.A. Jha T. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitors in cancer: A minireview. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2020 194 112260 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112260 32224379
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Zeng Y. Gao M. Lin D. Du G. Cai Y. Prognostic and immunological roles of MMP‐9 in Pan‐cancer. BioMed Res. Int. 2022 2022 1 2592962 10.1155/2022/2592962 35178444
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Almutairi S. Kalloush H.M. Manoon N.A. Bardaweel S.K. Matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors in cancer treatment: An updated review (2013–2023). Molecules 2023 28 14 5567 10.3390/molecules28145567 37513440
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Rashid Z.A. Bardaweel S.K. Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitors in cancer treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 15 12133 10.3390/ijms241512133 37569509
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Bertran A. Khomiak D. Konopka A. Rejmak E. Bulska E. Seco J. Kaczmarek L. Tarragó T. Prades R. Design and synthesis of selective and blood-brain barrier-permeable hydroxamate-based gelatinase inhibitors. Bioorg. Chem. 2020 94 103365 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103365 31676116
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Shah M.A. Starodub A. Sharma S. Berlin J. Patel M. Wainberg Z.A. Chaves J. Gordon M. Windsor K. Brachmann C.B. Huang X. Vosganian G. Maltzman J.D. Smith V. Silverman J.A. Lenz H.J. Bendell J.C. Andecaliximab/GS-5745 alone and combined with mFOLFOX6 in advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: Results from a phase I study. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018 24 16 3829 3837 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑17‑2469 29691300
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Yadati T. Houben T. Bitorina A. Shiri-Sverdlov R. The ins and outs of cathepsins: Physiological function and role in disease management. Cells 2020 9 7 1679 10.3390/cells9071679 32668602
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Voronina M.V. Frolova A.S. Kolesova E.P. Kuldyushev N.A. Parodi A. Zamyatnin A.A. The intricate balance between life and death: ROS, cathepsins, and their interplay in cell death and autophagy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024 25 7 4087 10.3390/ijms25074087 38612897
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Tobin D.J. Foitzik K. Reinheckel T. Mecklenburg L. Botchkarev V.A. Peters C. Paus R. The lysosomal protease cathepsin L is an important regulator of keratinocyte and melanocyte differentiation during hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling. Am. J. Pathol. 2002 160 5 1807 1821 10.1016/S0002‑9440(10)61127‑3 12000732
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Novinec M. Lenarčič B. Cathepsin K. A unique collagenolytic cysteine peptidase. bchm 2013 394 9 1163 1179 10.1515/hsz‑2013‑0134 23629523
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Hussein N.A. Malla S. Pasternak M.A. Terrero D. Brown N.G. Ashby C.R. Assaraf Y.G. Chen Z.S. Tiwari A.K. The role of endolysosomal trafficking in anticancer drug resistance. Drug Resist. Updat. 2021 57 100769 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100769 34217999
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Fasanya H.O. Siemann D.W. The role of cathepsins in the growth of primary and secondary neoplasia in the bone. Osteology 2020 1 1 3 28 10.3390/osteology1010002
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Rudzińska M. Parodi A. Maslova V.D. Efremov Y.M. Gorokhovets N.V. Makarov V.A. Popkov V.A. Golovin A.V. Zernii E.Y. Zamyatnin A.A. Cysteine cathepsins inhibition affects their expression and human renal cancer cell phenotype. Cancers 2020 12 5 1310 10.3390/cancers12051310 32455715
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Linders D.G.J. Bijlstra O.D. Fallert L.C. Hilling D.E. Walker E. Straight B. March T.L. Valentijn A.R.P.M. Pool M. Burggraaf J. Basilion J.P. Vahrmeijer A.L. Kuppen P.J.K. Cysteine cathepsins in breast cancer: Promising targets for fluorescence-guided surgery. Mol. Imaging Biol. 2023 25 1 58 73 10.1007/s11307‑022‑01768‑4 36002710
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Soond S.M. Savvateeva L.V. Makarov V.A. Gorokhovets N.V. Townsend P.A. Zamyatnin A.A. Cathepsin S cleaves BAX as a novel and therapeutically important regulatory mechanism for apoptosis. Pharmaceutics 2021 13 3 339 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030339 33807987
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Zamyatnin A.A. Gregory L.C. Townsend P.A. Soond S.M. Beyond basic research: The contribution of cathepsin B to cancer development, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 2022 26 11 963 977 10.1080/14728222.2022.2161888 36562407
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Park S.H. Lee J.H. Yang S.B. Lee D.N. Kang T.B. Park J. Development of a peptide-based nano-sized cathepsin B inhibitor for anticancer therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023 15 4 1131 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041131 37111617
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Egorova V.S. Kolesova E.P. Lopus M. Yan N. Parodi A. Zamyatnin A.A. Smart delivery systems responsive to cathepsin B activity for cancer treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023 15 7 1848 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071848 37514035
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Kolesova E.P. Egorova V.S. Syrocheva A.O. Frolova A.S. Kostyushev D. Kostyusheva A. Brezgin S. Trushina D.B. Fatkhutdinova L. Zyuzin M. Demina P.A. Khaydukov E.V. Zamyatnin A.A. Parodi A. Proteolytic resistance determines albumin nanoparticle drug delivery properties and increases cathepsin B, D, and G expression. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 12 10245 10.3390/ijms241210245 37373389
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Dai Z. Cheng Q. Zhang Y. Rational design of a humanized antibody inhibitor of cathepsin B. Biochemistry 2020 59 14 1420 1427 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00046 32212642
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Syrocheva A.O. Ivanov K.I. Laktyushkin V.S. Gorokhovets N.V. Parodi A. Zamyatnin A.A. Expression interplay between cathepsin B and its natural inhibitor stefin A in cancer and embryonic cell lines. Cell. Biol. Int 2025 cbin.70077 10.1002/cbin.70077 40891206
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Almalki A.A. Shafie A. Hazazi A. Banjer H.J. Bakhuraysah M.M. Almaghrabi S.A. Alsaiari A.A. Alsaeedi F.A. Ashour A.A. Alharthi A. Alharthi N.S. Anjum F. Targeting cathepsin L in cancer management: Leveraging machine learning, structure-based virtual screening, and molecular dynamics studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 24 17208 10.3390/ijms242417208 38139037
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Tabish T.A. Pranjol M.Z.I. Whatmore J.L. Zhang S. Status and future directions of anti-metastatic cancer nanomedicines for the inhibition of cathepsin L. Front. Nanotechnol. 2020 2 1 10.3389/fnano.2020.00001
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Shi X. Zhang Y. A humanized antibody inhibitor for cathepsin L. Protein Sci. 2020 29 9 1924 1930 10.1002/pro.3913 32683733
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Dana D. Pathak S.K. A review of small molecule inhibitors and functional probes of human cathepsin L. Molecules 2020 25 3 698 10.3390/molecules25030698 32041276
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Dai R. Wu Z. Chu H.Y. Lu J. Lyu A. Liu J. Zhang G. Cathepsin K. The action in and beyond bone. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020 8 433 10.3389/fcell.2020.00433 32582709
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Jensen A.B. Wynne C. Ramirez G. He W. Song Y. Berd Y. Wang H. Mehta A. Lombardi A. The cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib suppresses bone resorption in women with breast cancer and established bone metastases: Results of a 4-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin. Breast Cancer 2010 10 6 452 458 10.3816/CBC.2010.n.059 21147688
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Mijanović O. Jakovleva A. Branković A. Zdravkova K. Pualic M. Belozerskaya T.A. Nikitkina A.I. Parodi A. Zamyatnin A.A. Cathepsin K in pathological conditions and new therapeutic and diagnostic perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 22 13762 10.3390/ijms232213762 36430239
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Qian D. He L. Zhang Q. Li W. Tang D. Wu C. Yang F. Li K. Zhang H. Cathepsin K. A versatile potential biomarker and therapeutic target for various cancers. Curr. Oncol. 2022 29 8 5963 5987 10.3390/curroncol29080471 36005209
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Ginnetti A.T. Paone D.V. Nanda K.K. Li J. Busuek M. Johnson S.A. Lu J. Soisson S.M. Robinson R. Fisher J. Webber A. Wesolowski G. Ma B. Duong L. Carroll S. Burgey C.S. Stachel S.J. Lead optimization of cathepsin K inhibitors for the treatment of Osteoarthritis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2022 74 128927 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128927 35944849
    [Google Scholar]
  95. McDowell S.H. Gallaher S.A. Burden R.E. Scott C.J. Leading the invasion: The role of cathepsin S in the tumour microenvironment. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res. 2020 1867 10 118781 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118781 32544418
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Ajani T.A. Magwebu Z.E. Chauke C.G. Obikeze K. Advances in cathepsin S inhibition: Challenges and breakthroughs in drug development. Pathophysiology 2024 31 3 471 487 10.3390/pathophysiology31030035 39311309
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Fuchs N. Meta M. Schuppan D. Nuhn L. Schirmeister T. Novel opportunities for cathepsin S inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy by nanocarrier-mediated delivery. Cells 2020 9 9 2021 10.3390/cells9092021 32887380
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Dheilly E. Cathepsin S regulates antigen processing and T cell activity in non-hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Cell 2020 37 5 674 689.e12 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.016 32330455
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Shiomi T. Okada Y. MT1-MMP and MMP-7 in invasion and metastasis of human cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003 22 2-3 145 152 10.1023/A:1023039230052 12784993
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Smith T.M. Tharakan A. Martin R.K. Targeting ADAM10 in cancer and autoimmunity. Front. Immunol. 2020 11 499 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00499 32265938
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Mijanovic O. Petushkova A.I. Brankovic A. Turk B. Solovieva A.B. Nikitkina A.I. Bolevich S. Timashev P.S. Parodi A. Zamyatnin A.A. Cathepsin D—managing the delicate balance. Pharmaceutics 2021 13 6 837 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060837 34198733
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Zamyatnin A.A. Parodi A. New advances in the understanding of proteases as diagnostic and pharmaceutical targets in homeostatic and pathologic conditions. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 7 1516 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071516 35890410
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Rudzinska-Radecka M. Frolova A.S. Balakireva A.V. Gorokhovets N.V. Pokrovsky V.S. Sokolova D.V. Korolev D.O. Potoldykova N.V. Vinarov A.Z. Parodi A. Zamyatnin A.A. In silico, in vitro, and clinical investigations of cathepsin B and stefin A mRNA expression and a correlation analysis in kidney cancer. Cells 2022 11 9 1455 10.3390/cells11091455 35563761
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Frolova A.S. Tikhomirova N.K. Kireev I.I. Zernii E.Y. Parodi A. Ivanov K.I. Zamyatnin A.A. Expression, intracellular localization, and maturation of cysteine Cathepsins in renal embryonic and cancer cell lines. Biochemistry 2023 88 7 1034 1044 10.1134/S0006297923070143 37751872
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575426438251104072459
Loading
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575426438251104072459
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test