Skip to content
2000
image of Regulatory T Cells: Subtle and Promising Achilles' Heel of Psoriasis - Atherosclerosis Comorbidity

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting 2-3% of the global population. It is increasingly recognized for its systemic comorbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, severe psoriasis independently increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This elevation occurs beyond conventional risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes. It suggests that shared inflammatory pathways underlie the association between severe psoriasis and atherosclerotic conditions, like coronary artery disease (CAD). Atherosclerosis, characterized by lipid-laden plaque formation in arterial walls, remains a leading contributor to CVD-related morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence underscores the interplay of inflammatory cell heterogeneity and immune dysregulation in its pathogenesis, mirroring mechanisms observed in psoriasis. The overlapping systemic inflammation and immune dysfunction in both diseases suggest potential therapeutic synergies. CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), pivotal immunosuppressive modulators, have shown promise in mitigating autoimmune responses, yet their therapeutic exploitation in psoriasis-atherosclerosis comorbidity remains underexplored. This review summarizes current insights into Tregs' roles in psoriasis and atherosclerosis, emphasizing their dual regulatory functions; in psoriasis, Treg dysfunction exacerbates interleukin-17 (IL-17)/23-driven keratinocyte hyperproliferation, while in atherosclerosis, impaired Treg activity permits pro-inflammatory cytokine cascades and foam cell formation. We, herein, highlight emerging approaches to enhance Treg stability and function, such as nanotechnology-based targeting antibodies and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). By delineating Treg-centric mechanisms across both diseases, this review proposes a paradigm shift toward immunomodulatory therapies addressing psoriasis-atherosclerosis crosstalk, offering novel strategies to alleviate systemic inflammation and cardiovascular burden in psoriatic patients. Further research into Treg heterogeneity and microenvironmental cues may unlock precision therapies for this comorbid axis.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575406400251008111505
2025-10-28
2025-11-08

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575406400251008111505
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Armstrong A.W. Read C. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis. JAMA 2020 323 19 1945 1960 10.1001/jama.2020.4006 32427307
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Nussbaum L. Chen Y.L. Ogg G.S. Role of regulatory T cells in psoriasis pathogenesis and treatment. Br. J. Dermatol. 2021 184 1 14 24 10.1111/bjd.19380 32628773
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Griffiths C.E.M. Armstrong A.W. Gudjonsson J.E. Barker J.N.W.N. Psoriasis. Lancet 2021 397 10281 1301 1315 10.1016/S0140‑6736(20)32549‑6 33812489
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Prodanovich S. Kirsner R.S. Kravetz J.D. Ma F. Martinez L. Federman D.G. Association of psoriasis with coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases and mortality. Arch. Dermatol. 2009 145 6 700 703 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.94 19528427
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Mehta N.N. Azfar R.S. Shin D.B. Neimann A.L. Troxel A.B. Gelfand J.M. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: Cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Eur. Heart J. 2010 31 8 1000 1006 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp567 20037179
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Rosenblit P.D. Extreme Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk recognition. Curr. Diab. Rep. 2019 19 8 61 10.1007/s11892‑019‑1178‑6 31332544
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Ouyang X. Liu Z. Regulatory T cells and macrophages in atherosclerosis: from mechanisms to clinical significance. Front. Immunol. 2024 15 1435021 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1435021 39582868
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Saigusa R. Winkels H. Ley K. T cell subsets and functions in atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2020 17 7 387 401 10.1038/s41569‑020‑0352‑5 32203286
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Abbas A.K. Benoist C. Bluestone J.A. Campbell D.J. Ghosh S. Hori S. Jiang S. Kuchroo V.K. Mathis D. Roncarolo M.G. Rudensky A. Sakaguchi S. Shevach E.M. Vignali D.A.A. Ziegler S.F. Regulatory T cells: Recommendations to simplify the nomenclature. Nat. Immunol. 2013 14 4 307 308 10.1038/ni.2554 23507634
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Yagi H. Nomura T. Nakamura K. Yamazaki S. Kitawaki T. Hori S. Maeda M. Onodera M. Uchiyama T. Fujii S. Sakaguchi S. Crucial role of FOXP3 in the development and function of human CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells. Int. Immunol. 2004 16 11 1643 1656 10.1093/intimm/dxh165 15466453
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Ryba-Stanisławowska M. Sakowska J. Zieliński M. Ławrynowicz U. Trzonkowski P. Regulatory T cells: The future of autoimmune disease treatment. Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol. 2019 15 7 777 789 10.1080/1744666X.2019.1620602 31104510
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Miossec P. Kolls J.K. Targeting IL-17 and TH17 cells in chronic inflammation. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2012 11 10 763 776 10.1038/nrd3794 23023676
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Wallis D. Infection risk and biologics. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 2014 26 4 404 409 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000072 24827752
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Penso L. Dray-Spira R. Weill A. Pina Vegas L. Zureik M. Sbidian E. Association between biologics use and risk of serious infection in patients with psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol. 2021 157 9 1056 1065 10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.2599 34287624
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Hartwig T. Zwicky P. Schreiner B. Yawalkar N. Cheng P. Navarini A. Dummer R. Flatz L. Conrad C. Schlapbach C. Becher B. Regulatory T. Regulatory T cells restrain pathogenic T helper cells during skin inflammation. Cell Rep. 2018 25 13 3564 3572.e4 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.012 30590032
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Zhang L. Yang X.Q. Cheng J. Hui R.S. Gao T.W. Increased Th17 cells are accompanied by FoxP3+ Treg cell accumulation and correlated with psoriasis disease severity. Clin. Immunol. 2010 135 1 108 117 10.1016/j.clim.2009.11.008 20006553
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Xu K. Yang W.Y. Nanayakkara G.K. Shao Y. Yang F. Hu W. Choi E.T. Wang H. Yang X. GATA3, HDAC6, and BCL6 regulate FOXP3+ Treg plasticity and determine treg conversion into either novel antigen-presenting cell-like Treg or Th1-Treg. Front. Immunol. 2018 9 45 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00045 29434588
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Li B. Lei J. Yang L. Gao C. Dang E. Cao T. Xue K. Zhuang Y. Shao S. Zhi D. Hao J. Jin L. Qiao P. Ouyang W. Wang G. Dysregulation of Akt-FOXO1 pathway leads to dysfunction of regulatory T cells in patients with psoriasis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2019 139 10 2098 2107 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.035 30998985
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Neuwirth T. Malzl D. Knapp K. Tsokkou P. Kleissl L. Gabriel A. Reininger B. Freystätter C. Marella N. Kutschat A.P. Ponweiser E. Haschemi A. Seruggia D. Menche J. Wagner E.F. Stary G. The polyamine-regulating enzyme SSAT1 impairs tissue regulatory T cell function in chronic cutaneous inflammation. Immunity 2025 58 3 632 647.e12 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.02.011 40023161
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Sconocchia T. Hochgerner M. Schwarzenberger E. Tam-Amersdorfer C. Borek I. Benezeder T. Bauer T. Zyulina V. Painsi C. Passegger C. Wolf P. Sibilia M. Strobl H. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates skin inflammation via modulating dendritic cell function. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021 147 5 1810 1822.e9 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.038 33250156
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Peng L. Liu W. Cheng Y. Chen L. Shen Z. IL-17A/F double producing T cells, unstable Tregs and quiescent TRMs in clinically healed lesions are potential cellular candidates for recurrence of psoriasis. Clin. Immunol. 2024 266 110328 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110328 39067676
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Lee B.H. Bang Y.J. Lim S.H. Kang S.J. Kim S.H. Kim-Schulze S. Park C.G. Kim H.J. Kim T.G. High-dimensional profiling of regulatory T cells in psoriasis reveals an impaired skin-trafficking property. EBioMedicine 2024 100 104985 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.104985 38306895
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Shi Y. Chen Z. Zhao Z. Yu Y. Fan H. Xu X. Bu X. Gu J. IL-21 induces an imbalance of Th17/Treg cells in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis patients. Front. Immunol. 2019 10 1865 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01865 31440249
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Chen Y. Liang C.L. Liu H. Chen H. He Y. Lin J. He Z. Qiu F. Yang B. Lu C. Dai Z. Percutaneous delivery of hederacoside C-Loaded nanoliposome gel alleviates psoriasiform skin inflammation through the CCL17/Treg Axis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024 16 37 48969 48981 10.1021/acsami.4c06720 39233638
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Ait-Oufella H. Salomon B.L. Potteaux S. Robertson A.K.L. Gourdy P. Zoll J. Merval R. Esposito B. Cohen J.L. Fisson S. Flavell R.A. Hansson G.K. Klatzmann D. Tedgui A. Mallat Z. Natural regulatory T cells control the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Nat. Med. 2006 12 2 178 180 10.1038/nm1343 16462800
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Wara A.K. Rawal S. Yang X. Pérez-Cremades D. Sachan M. Chen J. Feinberg M.W. KLF10 deficiency in CD4+ T cells promotes atherosclerosis progression by altering macrophage dynamics. Atherosclerosis 2022 359 27 41 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.08.019 36174463
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Sharma M. Schlegel M.P. Afonso M.S. Brown E.J. Rahman K. Weinstock A. Sansbury B.E. Corr E.M. van Solingen C. Koelwyn G.J. Shanley L.C. Beckett L. Peled D. Lafaille J.J. Spite M. Loke P. Fisher E.A. Moore K.J. Regulatory T. Regulatory T cells license macrophage pro-resolving functions during atherosclerosis regression. Circ. Res. 2020 127 3 335 353 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.316461 32336197
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Appleton B.D. Palmer S.A. Smith H.P. Stephens L.E. Major A.S. Oxidized phospholipid oxPAPC alters regulatory t-cell differentiation and decreases their protective function in atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2023 43 11 2119 2132 10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319674 37675632
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Wolf D. Gerhardt T. Winkels H. Michel N.A. Pramod A.B. Ghosheh Y. Brunel S. Buscher K. Miller J. McArdle S. Baas L. Kobiyama K. Vassallo M. Ehinger E. Dileepan T. Ali A. Schell M. Mikulski Z. Sidler D. Kimura T. Sheng X. Horstmann H. Hansen S. Mitre L.S. Stachon P. Hilgendorf I. Gaddis D.E. Hedrick C. Benedict C.A. Peters B. Zirlik A. Sette A. Ley K. Pathogenic autoimmunity in atherosclerosis evolves from initially protective apolipoprotein B 100 –Reactive CD4 + T-regulatory cells. Circulation 2020 142 13 1279 1293 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042863 32703007
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gaddis D.E. Padgett L.E. Wu R. McSkimming C. Romines V. Taylor A.M. McNamara C.A. Kronenberg M. Crotty S. Thomas M.J. Sorci-Thomas M.G. Hedrick C.C. Apolipoprotein AI prevents regulatory to follicular helper T cell switching during atherosclerosis. Nat. Commun. 2018 9 1 1095 10.1038/s41467‑018‑03493‑5 29545616
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Joly A.L. Seitz C. Liu S. Kuznetsov N.V. Gertow K. Westerberg L.S. Paulsson-Berne G. Hansson G.K. Andersson J. Alternative splicing of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell effector functions and is associated with human atherosclerotic plaque stability. Circ. Res. 2018 122 10 1385 1394 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.312340 29618596
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Zierden M. Berghausen E.M. Gnatzy-Feik L. Millarg C. Picard F.S.R. Kiljan M. Geißen S. Polykratis A. Zimmermann L. Nies R.J. Pasparakis M. Baldus S. Valasarajan C. Pullamsetti S.S. Winkels H. Vantler M. Rosenkranz S. Hematopoietic PI3Kδ deficiency aggravates murine atherosclerosis through impairment of Tregs. JCI Insight 2024 9 22 e155626 10.1172/jci.insight.155626 39378110
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Döring Y. van der Vorst E.P.C. Yan Y. Neideck C. Blanchet X. Jansen Y. Kemmerich M. Bayasgalan S. Peters L.J.F. Hristov M. Bidzhekov K. Yin C. Zhang X. Leberzammer J. Li Y. Park I. Kral M. Nitz K. Parma L. Gencer S. Habenicht A.J.R. Faussner A. Teupser D. Monaco C. Holdt L. Megens R.T.A. Atzler D. Santovito D. von Hundelshausen P. Weber C. Identification of a non-canonical chemokine-receptor pathway suppressing regulatory T cells to drive atherosclerosis. Nat. Cardiovascular Res. 2024 3 2 221 242 10.1038/s44161‑023‑00413‑9 39044999
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Mehta N.N. Teague H.L. Swindell W.R. Baumer Y. Ward N.L. Xing X. Baugous B. Johnston A. Joshi A.A. Silverman J. Barnes D.H. Wolterink L. Nair R.P. Stuart P.E. Playford M. Voorhees J.J. Sarkar M.K. Elder J.T. Gallagher K. Ganesh S.K. Gudjonsson J.E. IFN-γ and TNF-α synergism may provide a link between psoriasis and inflammatory atherogenesis. Sci. Rep. 2017 7 1 13831 10.1038/s41598‑017‑14365‑1 29062018
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Nakamura Y. Kulkarni N.N. Takahashi T. Alimohamadi H. Dokoshi T. Liu E. Shia M. Numata T. Luo E.W.C. Gombart A.F. Yang X. Secrest P. Gordts P.L.S.M. Tsimikas S. Wong G.C.L. Gallo R.L. Increased LL37 in psoriasis and other inflammatory disorders promotes LDL uptake and atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 2024 134 5 e172578 10.1172/JCI172578 38194294
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Boehncke W.H. Boehncke S. Tobin A.M. Kirby B. The ‘psoriatic march’: A concept of how severe psoriasis may drive cardiovascular comorbidity. Exp. Dermatol. 2011 20 4 303 307 10.1111/j.1600‑0625.2011.01261.x 21410760
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Marovt M. Marko P.B. Pirnat M. Ekart R. Effect of biologics targeting interleukin‐23/‐17 axis on subclinical atherosclerosis: Results of a pilot study. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2020 45 5 560 564 10.1111/ced.14180 31961453
    [Google Scholar]
  38. von Stebut E. Reich K. Thaçi D. Koenig W. Pinter A. Körber A. Rassaf T. Waisman A. Mani V. Yates D. Frueh J. Sieder C. Melzer N. Mehta N.N. Gori T. Impact of Secukinumab on endothelial dysfunction and other cardiovascular disease parameters in psoriasis patients over 52 weeks. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2019 139 5 1054 1062 10.1016/j.jid.2018.10.042 30508547
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Huangfu L. Li R. Huang Y. Wang S. The IL-17 family in diseases: from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2023 8 1 402 10.1038/s41392‑023‑01620‑3 37816755
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Taleb S. Tedgui A. IL-17 in atherosclerosis: The good and the bad. Cardiovasc. Res. 2018 114 1 7 9 10.1093/cvr/cvx225 29228116
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Taleb S. Tedgui A. Mallat Z. IL-17 and Th17 cells in atherosclerosis: subtle and contextual roles. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2015 35 2 258 264 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303567 25234818
    [Google Scholar]
  42. McGeachy M.J. Bak-Jensen K.S. Chen Y. Tato C.M. Blumenschein W. McClanahan T. Cua D.J. TGF-β and IL-6 drive the production of IL-17 and IL-10 by T cells and restrain TH-17 cell–mediated pathology. Nat. Immunol. 2007 8 12 1390 1397 10.1038/ni1539 17994024
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Wang Y. Zang J. Liu C. Yan Z. Shi D. Interleukin-17 links inflammatory cross-talks between comorbid psoriasis and atherosclerosis. Front. Immunol. 2022 13 835671 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835671 35514987
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Pavel A.B. Del Duca E. Cheng J. Wu J. Ungar B. Estrada Y.D. Jack C. Maari C. Proulx É.S.C. Ramirez-Valle F. Krueger J.G. Bissonnette R. Guttman-Yassky E. Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to various allergens may differently model inflammatory skin diseases. Allergy 2023 78 1 178 191 10.1111/all.15538 36178084
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Riis J.L. Johansen C. Vestergaard C. Bech R. Kragballe K. Iversen L. Kinetics and differential expression of the skin-related chemokines CCL27 and CCL17 in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Exp. Dermatol. 2011 20 10 789 794 10.1111/j.1600‑0625.2011.01323.x 21707761
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Rottman J.B. Smith T.L. Ganley K.G. Kikuchi T. Krueger J.G. Potential role of the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CCR4, and the integrin alphaEbeta7 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris. Lab. Invest. 2001 81 3 335 347 10.1038/labinvest.3780242 11310827
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Sidler D. Wu P. Herro R. Claus M. Wolf D. Kawakami Y. Kawakami T. Burkly L. Croft M. TWEAK mediates inflammation in experimental atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Nat. Commun. 2017 8 1 15395 10.1038/ncomms15395 28530223
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Shetty S. Wu Y. Lloyd C.Z. Mehta N. Liu Y. Woodruff M.E. Segura T. Collier J.H. Anti‐Cytokine active immunotherapy based on supramolecular peptides for alleviating IL‐1β‐mediated inflammation. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2025 14 5 2401444 10.1002/adhm.202401444 39113323
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Zhang W. Chen Y. Zhao Z. Zheng H. Wang S. Liao Z. Sheng T. Zhao S. Hou W. Yu X. He F. Yu J. Zhang Y. Gu Z. Adoptive T reg therapy with metabolic intervention via perforated microneedles ameliorates psoriasis syndrome. Sci. Adv. 2023 9 20 eadg6007 10.1126/sciadv.adg6007 37196084
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Yi S. Zhang X. Sangji M.H. Liu Y. Allen S.D. Xiao B. Bobbala S. Braverman C.L. Cai L. Hecker P.I. DeBerge M. Thorp E.B. Temel R.E. Stupp S.I. Scott E.A. Surface engineered polymersomes for enhanced modulation of dendritic cells during cardiovascular immunotherapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019 29 42 1904399 10.1002/adfm.201904399 34335131
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Onichtchouk D. Chen Y.G. Dosch R. Gawantka V. Delius H. Massague´ J. Niehrs C. Silencing of TGF-β signalling by the pseudoreceptor BAMBI. Nature 1999 401 6752 480 485 10.1038/46794 10519551
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Alvarez P. Augustín J.J. Tamayo E. Iglesias M. Acinas O. Mendiguren M.A. Vázquez J.A. Genre F. San Segundo D. Merino J. Merino R. Therapeutic effects of anti–bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane‐bound inhibitor treatment in psoriasis and arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 72 9 1547 1558 10.1002/art.41272 32249544
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Tukaj S. Mantej J. Sobala M. Potrykus K. Tukaj Z. Zillikens D. Ludwig R.J. Bieber K. Kasperkiewicz M. Therapeutic implications of targeting heat shock protein 70 by immunization or antibodies in experimental skin inflammation. Front. Immunol. 2021 12 614320 10.3389/fimmu.2021.614320 33708208
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Lee W.S. Nam K.H. Kim J.H. Kim W.J. Kim J.E. Shin E.C. Kim G.R. Choi J.M. Alleviating psoriatic skin inflammation through augmentation of Treg cells via CTLA-4 signaling peptide. Front. Immunol. 2023 14 1233514 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233514 37818377
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Wu M. Deng Y. Li S. Chen Y. Guo D. Jin X. Xu Q. Li B. Li F. The immunoregulatory effects of traditional chinese medicine on psoriasis via its action on interleukin: Advances and considerations. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2018 46 4 739 750 10.1142/S0192415X18500386 29737208
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Wang C.Y. Wang J.Y. Chou Y.Y. Lin C.C. Lin Y.T. Wu C.S. Lin J.S. Chu C.L. The fungal protein Lingzhi-8 ameliorates psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice through gut CD103+ tolerogenic dendritic cells, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2, and Dectin-1. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2025 184 117910 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117910 39954596
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Su Y. Wu L. Mu G. Wang Q. Yang B. Cheng G. Kuang H. 9,19-Cycloartenol glycoside G3 from Cimicifuga simplex regulates immune responses by modulating Th17/Treg ratio. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2017 25 17 4917 4923 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.042 28780985
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Chen H. Liu H. Lu C. Wang M. Li X. Zhao H. Yan Y. Yu W. Han L. Dai Z. PSORI-CM02 Formula Increases CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell frequency and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice. Front. Immunol. 2018 8 1767 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01767 29358932
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Zhou H.F. Wang F.X. Sun F. Liu X. Rong S.J. Luo J.H. Yue T.T. Xiao J. Yang C.L. Lu W.Y. Luo X. Zhou Q. Zhu H. Yang P. Xiong F. Yu Q.L. Zhang S. Wang C.Y. Aloperine ameliorates IMQ-Induced psoriasis by attenuating Th17 differentiation and facilitating their conversion to treg. Front. Pharmacol. 2022 13 778755 10.3389/fphar.2022.778755 35721119
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Tang Y. Yu J. Zhao W. Liu J. Peng H. Zhang H. Jiang Z. Yu Q. Zhang L. Total glucosides of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae: a therapeutic approach for psoriasis by regulating Th17/Treg balance. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2023 21 8 589 598 10.1016/S1875‑5364(23)60413‑3 37611977
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Zhu X. Xu Q. Liu Z. Cao Z. Li M. Wei J. Du L. Han C. Zhang C. Qingre lishi decoction ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in SKH-1 mice by regulating the Treg- DC-Th17 axis and inhibiting MAPK-mediated DC maturation. J. Ethnopharmacol 2024 318 Pt A 116931 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116931 37473822
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Chen Y. Zhang Q. Liu H. Lu C. Liang C.L. Qiu F. Han L. Dai Z. Esculetin ameliorates psoriasis-like skin disease in mice by inducing CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Front. Immunol. 2018 9 2092 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02092 30258447
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Chen H. Liu H. Tang B. Chen Y. Han L. Yu J. Yan Y. Lu C. The protective effects of 18 β-Glycyrrhetinic acid on imiquimod-induced psoriasis in mice via suppression of mTOR/STAT3 signaling. J. Immunol. Res. 2020 2020 1 9 10.1155/2020/1980456 32908937
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Kurdi A. Martinet W. De Meyer G.R.Y. mTOR inhibition and cardiovascular diseases. Transplantation 2018 102 2S S44 S46 10.1097/TP.0000000000001693 28230638
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Liu H. Chen Y. Xu S. Chen H. Qiu F. Liang C.L. Mo X. Liu J. Lu C. Dai Z. Electroacupuncture and methotrexate cooperate to ameliorate psoriasiform skin inflammation by regulating the immune balance of Th17/Treg. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2024 140 112702 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112702 39094355
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Chen X.N. Ge Q.H. Zhao Y.X. Guo X.C. Zhang J.P. Effect of Si-Miao-Yong-An decoction on the differentiation of monocytes, macrophages, and regulatory T cells in ApoE−/− mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021 276 114178 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114178 33945857
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Ni Y. Xiong R. Zhu Y. Luan N. Yu C. Yang K. Wang H. Xu X. Yang Y. Sun S. Shi L. Padde J.R. Chen L. Chen L. Hou M. Xu Z. Lai R. Ji M. A target-based discovery from a parasitic helminth as a novel therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases. EBioMedicine 2023 95 104751 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104751 37579625
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Schwarz A. Philippsen R. Piticchio S.G. Hartmann J.N. Häsler R. Rose-John S. Schwarz T. Crosstalk between microbiome, regulatory T cells and HCA2 orchestrates the inflammatory response in a murine psoriasis model. Front. Immunol. 2023 14 1038689 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1038689 36891315
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Mor A. Planer D. Luboshits G. Afek A. Metzger S. Chajek-Shaul T. Keren G. George J. Role of naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in experimental atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007 27 4 893 900 10.1161/01.ATV.0000259365.31469.89 17272749
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Yang K. Li D. Luo M. Hu Y. Generation of HSP60-specific regulatory T cell and effect on atherosclerosis. Cell. Immunol. 2006 243 2 90 95 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.01.002 17324390
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Feng J. Zhang Z. Kong W. Liu B. Xu Q. Wang X. Regulatory T cells ameliorate hyperhomocysteinaemia-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice. Cardiovasc. Res. 2009 84 1 155 163 10.1093/cvr/cvp182 19502284
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Bonacina F. Martini E. Svecla M. Nour J. Cremonesi M. Beretta G. Moregola A. Pellegatta F. Zampoleri V. Catapano A.L. Kallikourdis M. Norata G.D. Adoptive transfer of CX3CR1 transduced-T regulatory cells improves homing to the atherosclerotic plaques and dampens atherosclerosis progression. Cardiovasc. Res. 2021 117 9 2069 2082 10.1093/cvr/cvaa264 32931583
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Zhu L. Liu Z. Cui Q. Guan G. Hui R. Wang X. Wang J. Zhang Y. Zhu X. Epigenetic modification of CD4+ T cells into Tregs by 5-azacytidine as cellular therapeutic for atherosclerosis treatment. Cell Death Dis. 2024 15 9 689 10.1038/s41419‑024‑07086‑7 39304654
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Alzahrani K.S. Nadeem A. Ahmad S.F. Al-Harbi N.O. Ibrahim K.E. El-Sherbeeny A.M. Alhoshani A.R. Alshammari M.A. Alotaibi M.R. Al-Harbi M.M. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase attenuates psoriasis-like inflammation in mice through blockade of dendritic cell-Th17 inflammation axis. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2019 111 347 358 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.060 30593001
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Sulaimani J. Cluxton D. Clowry J. Petrasca A. Molloy O.E. Moran B. Sweeney C.M. Malara A. McNicholas N. McGuigan C. Kirby B. Fletcher J.M. Dimethyl fumarate modulates the Treg–Th17 cell axis in patients with psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2021 184 3 495 503 10.1111/bjd.19229 32438447
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Lee J.Y. Lee J.H. Lim H.J. Kim E. Kim D.K. Choi J.K. Aminooxy acetic acid suppresses Th17-mediated psoriasis-like skin inflammation by inhibiting serine metabolism. Front. Pharmacol. 2023 14 1215861 10.3389/fphar.2023.1215861 37649889
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Shen Z. Jiang J. Zhou X. Tan Q. Yan S. Wu X. Pi J. Wang H. Yang H. Luo X. Melatonin Attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation and restores the Th17/Treg immune balance. Inflammation 2024 47 6 2027 2040 10.1007/s10753‑024‑02023‑4 38653920
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Kotb I.S. Lewis B.J. Barker R.N. Ormerod A.D. Differential effects of phototherapy, adalimumab and betamethasone-calcipotriol on effector and regulatory T cells in psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2018 179 1 127 135 10.1111/bjd.16336 29330859
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Schön M.P. Manzke V. Erpenbeck L. Animal models of psoriasis—highlights and drawbacks. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021 147 2 439 455 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.034 32560971
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Emini Veseli B. Perrotta P. De Meyer G.R.A. Roth L. Van der Donckt C. Martinet W. De Meyer G.R.Y. Animal models of atherosclerosis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2017 816 3 13 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.010 28483459
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Zhang Z. Tang S. Jiang Y. Long F. He F. Liu J. Gu S. Lu Y. Yin Z. Oxidative stress induces meiotic defects of oocytes in a mouse psoriasis model. Cell Death Dis. 2022 13 5 474 10.1038/s41419‑022‑04948‑w 35589679
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Liu Y. Carmona‐Rivera C. Seto N.L. Oliveira C.B. Patino‐Martinez E. Baumer Y. Powell‐Wiley T.M. Mehta N. Hasni S. Zhang X. Kaplan M.J. Role of STING deficiency in amelioration of mouse models of lupus and atherosclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024 [PMID: 39605244].
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575406400251008111505
Loading
Regulatory T Cells: Subtle and Promising Achilles' Heel of Psoriasis - Atherosclerosis Comorbidity
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575406400251008111505
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575406400251008111505
/content/journals/mrmc/10.2174/0113895575406400251008111505
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: atherosclerosis ; Tregs ; Th17/Treg imbalance ; psoriasis ; comorbidity ; therapeutic strategy

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test