Skip to content
2000
Volume 3, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2772-316X
  • E-ISSN: 2772-3178

Abstract

Background

The digital environment possesses a strong influence on the learning environment and enhances the development and refinement of both teachers' and learners’ pre-existing skills. Essentially, teaching and learning with ICT encourages learner-centered approach which is associated with more learner involvement and active learning.

Methods

The qualitative interpretive approach was used. A multi-case study design was used. Purposeful sampling and random sampling techniques were used to select the participants. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews with fifteen teachers.

Results

The findings revealed that teachers lacked ICT skills. Also, the lack of ICT infrastructure and internet access made it difficult for teachers to help learners use ICT and inhibited active learning. Thus, training could enable teachers to acquire ICT skills to improve the teaching-learning process.

Conclusion

Therefore, making ICT an integral component of the rural primary school education system is a serious issue for policy-making and planning to enhance learner participation, collaboration, and communication processes during the teaching-learning process. Furthermore, mechanisms, such as ICT training, provision of laptops, and improved internet access could provide opportunities for learners to utilize technology during the teaching-learning process in rural primary schooling.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/css/10.2174/012772316X326898250114215145
2025-01-31
2025-11-01
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. AllcottH. GentzkowM. SongL. Digital Addiction.Am. Econ. Rev.202211272424246310.1257/aer.20210867
    [Google Scholar]
  2. HoeheM.R. ThibautF. Going digital: how technology use may influence human brains and behavior
.Dialogues Clin. Neurosci.2020222939710.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/mhoehe
    [Google Scholar]
  3. KarakoseT. KocabasI. YirciR. PapadakisS. OzdemirT.Y. DemirkolM. The development and evaluation of digital leadership: A Bibliometric mapping approach-based study.Sustainability (Basel)202214231617110.3390/su142316171
    [Google Scholar]
  4. SenthilV. Does the more internet usage provide good academic grades?Educ. Inf. Technol.20182362901291010.1007/s10639‑018‑9749‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  5. GamboY. ShakirM.Z. WIP: Model of Self-Regulated Smart Learning Environment.2021 IEEE World Conference on Engineering Education (EDUNINE)14-17 Mar, 2021, Guatemala City, Guatemala, 2021, pp. 1-4.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. LimC.L. JalilH.A. Maa’rofA.M. SaadW.Z. Self-regulated learning as a mediator in the relationship between peer learning and online learning satisfaction: a study of a private university in Malaysian.J. Learn. Instruct.2020175175
    [Google Scholar]
  7. CassibbaR. FerrarelloD. MammanaM.F. MussoP. PennisiM. TarantoE. Teaching mathematics at a distance: A challenge for universities.Educ. Sci. (Basel)2020111110.3390/educsci11010001
    [Google Scholar]
  8. TsoukalaC.K. STEM integrated education and multimodal educational material.Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research2021129611310.25082/AMLER.2021.02.005
    [Google Scholar]
  9. KaneT. KerrK. PlantaR. Designing teacher evaluation systems: New guidance from the measures of effective teaching project.San Francisco, CAJohn Wiley2014
    [Google Scholar]
  10. National Research Council Next generation science standards: for states, by states.Washington, DCThe National Academies Press2013
    [Google Scholar]
  11. ChigonaA. ChigonaW. South African pre-service teachers' under-preparedness to teach with Information Communication Technologies.2013 Second International Conference on E-Learning and E-Technologies in Education (ICEEE)23-25 Sept, 2013, Lodz, Poland, 2013, pp. 239-243.10.1109/ICeLeTE.2013.6644381
    [Google Scholar]
  12. AlvarezI. GuaschT. EspasaA. University teacher roles and competencies in online learning environments: a theoretical analysis of teaching and learning practices.Eur. J. Teach. Educ.200932332133610.1080/02619760802624104
    [Google Scholar]
  13. BaranE. CorreiaA. P. ThompsonA. Transforming online teaching practice. A critical analysis of the online teaching literature.Distance Education2011323421439
    [Google Scholar]
  14. KorteW.B. HusingT. Benchmarking access and use of ICT in European schools 2006: results from head teacher and a classroom teacher surveys in 27 European countries.E-Learning Papers20072116
    [Google Scholar]
  15. HatosA. CosmaM.L. ClipaO. Self-assessed digital competences in Romanian teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic.Front. Psychol.20221381035910.3389/fpsyg.2022.81035935300169
    [Google Scholar]
  16. KimH.S. Beyond doubt and uncertainty: Religious education for a post-covid-19 world.Relig. Educ.20211161415210.1080/00344087.2021.1873662
    [Google Scholar]
  17. BurströmB. TaoW. Social determinants of health and inequalities in COVID-19.Eur. J. Public Health202030461761810.1093/eurpub/ckaa09532638998
    [Google Scholar]
  18. KarakoseT. YirciR. PapadakisS. OzdemirT.Y. DemirkolM. PolatH. Science mapping of the global knowledge on management, leadership, and administration related to Covid-19 for promoting the sustainability of scientific research.Sustainability (Basel)20211317963110.3390/su13179631
    [Google Scholar]
  19. JantjiesM. How South Africa can address digital inequalities in e-learning.2020Available from:http://theconversation.com(accessed on 23-10-2024)
    [Google Scholar]
  20. CherkowskiG.W. Why Math and STEM education is a social justice issue.2019Available from: https://www.gettingsmart.com/2019/06/03/why-math-and-stem-education-is-a-social-justice-issue/(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  21. EngenB.K. EngenB.K. Understanding social and cultural aspects of teachers’ digital competencies.Comunicar2019276191910.3916/C61‑2019‑01
    [Google Scholar]
  22. WinstoneN.E. HepperE.G. NashR.A. Individual differences in self-reported use of assessment feedback: the mediating role of feedback beliefs.Educ. Psychol.202141784486210.1080/01443410.2019.1693510
    [Google Scholar]
  23. AliW. KaurM. Educational challenges amidst covid-19.Pandemic202064057
    [Google Scholar]
  24. SchleicherA. The impact of COVID-19 on education: insights from Education at a Glance 2020.2020Available from: https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv%3A87789(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  25. Fernandez-CruzF.J. Fernandez-DiazM.J. Teachers’ generation Z and their digital skills. Comunicar.Media Education Research Journal20164697105
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Department of Education (DoE), South Africa (2004). Draft White Paper on e-Education: Transforming Learning and Teaching through ICT. Pretoria.2004Available from: https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1214944(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  27. KonyanaS. KonyanaE. Computerisation of rural schools in Zimbabwe: Challenges and opportunities for Sustainable Development.African Journal of Teacher Education20133210.21083/ajote.v3i2.2156
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Evin GencelI. SaracaloğluA.S. The effect of layered curriculum on reflective thinking and self-directed learning readiness of prospective teachers.Int. J. Prog. Educ.201814182010.29329/ijpe.2018.129.2
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Rapid Response Briefing Note : Remote Learning and COVID-19 Outbreak (English).2020Available from:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/266811584657843186/pdf(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  30. EckmanE.W. WilliamsM.A. Silver-ThornM.B. An integrated model for STEM teacher preparation: the value of a teaching cooperative educational experience.Journal of STEM Teacher Education201651110.30707/JSTE51.1Eckman
    [Google Scholar]
  31. KefalisC. DrigasA. Web based and online applications in STEM education.Int. J. Engin. Pedag.201994768510.3991/ijep.v9i4.10691
    [Google Scholar]
  32. MarginsonS. TytlerR. FreemanB. RobertsK. STEM Country Comparisons.2013Available from:https://acola.org.au/wp/project-2/(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  33. The future of education and skills: Education 2030.2018Available from: https://www.oecd.org/en/about/projects/future-of-education-and-skills-2030.html(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  34. KennedyT. OdellM. Engaging students in STEM education.Science Education International2014253246258
    [Google Scholar]
  35. ChenC. A constructivist approach to teaching: implications in teaching computer networking.Inf. Technol. Learn. Perform. J.20032121727
    [Google Scholar]
  36. AnkiewiczP. Technology education in South Africa since the new dispensation in 1994: An analysis of curriculum documents and a meta-synthesis of scholarly work.Int. J. Technol. Des. Educ.202131593996310.1007/s10798‑020‑09589‑8
    [Google Scholar]
  37. DhawanS. Online learning: A panacea in the time of Covid-19 crisis.J. Educ. Technol. Syst.202049152210.1177/0047239520934018
    [Google Scholar]
  38. PoultsakisS. PapadakisS. KalogiannakisM. PsycharisS. The management of Digital Learning Objects of Natural Sciences and Digital Experiment Simulation Tools by teachers.Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research202112587110.25082/AMLER.2021.02.002
    [Google Scholar]
  39. DahalN. ManandharN.K. LuitelL. LuitelB.C. PantB.P. ShresthaI.M. ICT tools for remote teaching and learning mathematics: A proposal for autonomy and engagements.Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research20222128929610.25082/AMLER.2022.01.013
    [Google Scholar]
  40. ArahB.O. The competencies, preparations and challenging (new) roles of online instructors.Educ. Rev.201210841856
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Comas-QuinnA. Learning to teach online or learning to become an online teacher: an exploration of teachers’ experiences in a blended learning course.ReCALL201123321823210.1017/S0958344011000152
    [Google Scholar]
  42. ArchambaultL. CrippenK. K-12 distance educators at work: Who’s teaching online across the United States.J. Res. Technol. Educ.200941436339110.1080/15391523.2009.10782535
    [Google Scholar]
  43. SuebsonK. The use of blended learning: Social media and Flipped Classroom to encourage Thinking skills and Collaborate Work in Higher Education.ICCMB 2020: 2020 The 3rd International Conference on Computers in Management and BusinessJan 31- Feb 2, 2020, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 201-206.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. SailinS.N. MahmorN.A. Improving student teachers’ digital pedagogy through meaningful learning activities.Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction201815214317310.32890/mjli2018.15.2.6
    [Google Scholar]
  45. HampelG. DancsházyK. Creating a virtual learning environment.Agrárinform. F.201451465510.17700/jai.2014.5.1.124
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Good practice in information and communication technology for education.2009Available from: https://www.adb.org/publications/good-practice-information-and-communication-technology-education(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  47. FongC. SlottaJ.D. Supporting communities of learners in the elementary classroom: the common knowledge learning environment.Instr. Sci.201846453356110.1007/s11251‑018‑9463‑3
    [Google Scholar]
  48. KaufmannH. SchmalstiegD. Mathematics and geometry education with collaborative augmented reality.SIGGRAPH02: The 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive TechniquesJuly 21-26, 2002, Texas, San Antonio, pp. 1242086.10.1145/1242073.1242086
    [Google Scholar]
  49. SieglerR.S. RamaniG.B. Playing linear numerical board games promotes low‐income children’s numerical development.Dev. Sci.200811565566110.1111/j.1467‑7687.2008.00714.x18801120
    [Google Scholar]
  50. SmithS.U. HayesS. SheaP. A critical review of the use of Wenger’s community of practice (COP) theoretical framework in online and blended learning research, 2000-2015.Online Learn.201721120923710.24059/olj.v21i1.963
    [Google Scholar]
  51. SollervallH. Collaborative mathematical inquiry with augmented reality.Res. Pract. Technol. Enhanc. Learn.201273
    [Google Scholar]
  52. SaykiliA. Higher education in the digital age: The impact of digital connective technologies.Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning20192111510.31681/jetol.516971
    [Google Scholar]
  53. MahmudM.M. WongS.F. Stakeholders perspectives of the twenty-first century skills.Front. Educ. (Lausanne)2022793148810.3389/feduc.2022.931488
    [Google Scholar]
  54. DavisN.E. RoblyerM.D. Preparing teachers for the schools that technology built.J. Res. Technol. Educ.200537439940910.1080/15391523.2005.10782445
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Milner-BolotinM. Evidence-based research in STEM teacher education: from theory to practice. Curriculum, Instruction and Pedagogy. Front. Educ. (Lausanne)201839210.3389/feduc.2018.00092
    [Google Scholar]
  56. CollinsA. HalversonR. Rethinking education in the age of technology: The digital revolution and the schools.New YorkTeachers College Press200810.1007/978‑3‑540‑69132‑7_1
    [Google Scholar]
  57. SandsP. YadavA. Self-regulation for high school learners in a MOOC computer science course.1st ACM Virtual Global Computing Education ConferenceDec 5-8, 2024, Virtual Event , NC, USA, pp. 845-851.10.1145/3328778.3366818
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Information and communication technology in education: a curriculum for schools and programme of teacher development.2002Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000129538(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  59. GarrisonD.R. Cleveland-InnesM. Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: interaction is not enough.Am. J. Distance Educ.200519313314810.1207/s15389286ajde1903_2
    [Google Scholar]
  60. AndersonT. DronJ. Three generations of distance education pedagogy.Int. Rev. Res. Open Distance Learn.2011123809710.19173/irrodl.v12i3.890
    [Google Scholar]
  61. MooreJ.L. Dickson-DeaneC. GalyenK. e-Learning, online learning, and distance learning environments: Are they the same?Internet High. Educ.201114212913510.1016/j.iheduc.2010.10.001
    [Google Scholar]
  62. ChisangoG. MarongweN. The digital divide at three disadvantaged secondary schools in Gauteng.S. Afr. J. Educ.202182149165
    [Google Scholar]
  63. MalikR.S. Educational challenges in 21st century and sustainable development.Journal of Sustainable Development Education and Research20182192010.17509/jsder.v2i1.12266
    [Google Scholar]
  64. OliverR. The role of ICT in higher education for the 21st century: ICT as a change agent for education.2002Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228920282_The_role_of_ICT_in_higher_education_for_the_21st_century_ICT_as_a_change_agent_for_education(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  65. Brault-LabbeA. DubeL. Academic engagement, well-being and self-determination among university students.Can. J. Behav. Sci.20104228092
    [Google Scholar]
  66. FrancescatoD. PorcelliR. MebaneM. CuddettaM. KlobasJ. RenziP. Evaluation of the efficacy of collaborative learning in face-to-face and computer-supported university contexts.Comput. Human Behav.200622216317610.1016/j.chb.2005.03.001
    [Google Scholar]
  67. HuP.J.H. HuiW. Examining the role of learning engagement in technology-mediated learning and its effects on learning effectiveness and satisfaction.Decis. Support Syst.201253478279210.1016/j.dss.2012.05.014
    [Google Scholar]
  68. CroxtonR.A. The role of interactivity in student satisfaction and persistence in online learning.J. Online Learn. Teach.2014102314325
    [Google Scholar]
  69. KingR.B. Sense of relatedness boosts engagement, achievement, and well-being: A latent growth model study.Contemp. Educ. Psychol.201542263810.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.04.002
    [Google Scholar]
  70. MartinezM.E. Peters BurtonE.E. Cognitive affordances of the cyberinfrastructure for science and math learning.Educ. Media Int.2011481172610.1080/09523987.2010.535333
    [Google Scholar]
  71. AllowayT.P. HortonJ. AllowayR.G. DawsonC. Social networking sites and cognitive abilities: Do they make you smarter?Comput. Educ.201363101610.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.030
    [Google Scholar]
  72. LiuD. KirschnerP.A. KarpinskiA.C. A meta-analysis of the relationship of academic performance and Social Network Site use among adolescents and young adults.Comput. Human Behav.20177714815710.1016/j.chb.2017.08.039
    [Google Scholar]
  73. BusalimA.H. MasromM. Binti Wan ZakariaW.N. The impact of Facebook Addiction and self-esteem on students’ academic performance: A multi-group analysis.Comput. Educ.201914210365110.1016/j.compedu.2019.103651
    [Google Scholar]
  74. DipietroM. Virtual school pedagogy: the instructional practices of K-12 virtual school teachers.J. Educ. Comput. Res.201042332735410.2190/EC.42.3.e
    [Google Scholar]
  75. JohnsonL.A. BeckerS. CumminsM. ExtradaV. FreemanA. HallC. NMC horizon report 2016: higher education edition.Austin, TXThe New Media Consortium2016
    [Google Scholar]
  76. SternJ. Introduction to online teaching and learning.2020Available from:www.onlinelearning.net(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  77. OuyangF. ScharberC. The influences of an experienced instructor’s discussion design and facilitation on an online learning community development: A social network analysis study.Internet High. Educ.201735344710.1016/j.iheduc.2017.07.002
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Milner-BolotinM. EgersdorferD. VinayagamM. Investigating the effect of question-driven pedagogy on the development of physics teacher candidates’ pedagogical content knowledge.Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.201612202012810.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.12.020128
    [Google Scholar]
  79. ReigeluthC.M. KarnoppJ.R. Reinventing schools: It’s time to break the mole.Lanham, MDRowman & Littlefield Education2013
    [Google Scholar]
  80. AzetaA.A. EweoyaI.O. OjumahS. Enhancing educational learning with social network platform.6th International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology29-31 Oct, 2014, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 1-4.10.1109/ICASTECH.2014.7068143
    [Google Scholar]
  81. AkuretiyaD.A. MeddageN.R. Readiness for online Learning among Students Amidst COVID-19: A Case of a Selected HEI in Sri Lanka.Int. J. Res. innov. Soc. Sci.2021719119710.1177/2042753020981651
    [Google Scholar]
  82. VickiB. Shifting paradigms and pedagogy with nonfiction: A call to arms for survival in the 21st Century.NERA J.2002382Available from: https://www.qeios.com/read/8I8ARC(accessed on 23-10-2024)
    [Google Scholar]
  83. GlennM. The future if higher education: How technology will shape learning?LondonEconomist Intelligence Unit2008
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Education in and for Information Society. Publications for the world summit on the Information Society.ParisUNESCO Publications2003
    [Google Scholar]
  85. AndresenM. Asynchronous discussion forums: success factors, outcomes, assessments, and limitations.J. Educ. Technol. Soc.2009121249257
    [Google Scholar]
  86. BackfischI. LachnerA. StürmerK. ScheiterK. Variability of teachers’ technology integration in the classroom: A matter of utility!Comput. Educ.202116610415910.1016/j.compedu.2021.104159
    [Google Scholar]
  87. AlexanderB. Adams-BeckerS. CumminsM. Hall-GiesingerC. Digital literacy in higher education. Part II: an NMC Horizon Project Strategic Brief.2017
    [Google Scholar]
  88. HarrellS. BynumY. Factors affecting technology integration in the Post-Pandemic secondary classroom.Alabama Journal of Educational Leadership201851218
    [Google Scholar]
  89. LonkaK. Innovative school: Teaching & learning in the digital era.BrusselsEuropean Union2015Available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/563389/IPOL_STU(2015)563389_EN.pdf(accessed on 23-10-2024)
    [Google Scholar]
  90. MouT.Y. Online learning in the time of the COVID-19 crisis: Implications for the self-regulated learning of university design students.Active Learn. High. Educ.202324218520510.1177/14697874211051226
    [Google Scholar]
  91. WangC.H. ShannonD.M. RossM.E. Students’ characteristics, self-regulated learning, technology self-efficacy, and course outcomes in online learning.Distance Educ.201334330232310.1080/01587919.2013.835779
    [Google Scholar]
  92. KelleyT.R. KnowlesJ.G. A conceptual framework for integrated STEM education.Int. J. STEM Educ.2016311110.1186/s40594‑016‑0046‑z
    [Google Scholar]
  93. RamailaS. MolweleA.J. The role of technology integration in the development of 21st century skills and competencies in Life Sciences teaching and learning.Int. J. High. Educ.2022115910.5430/ijhe.v11n5p9
    [Google Scholar]
  94. McloughlinC. LeeM.J.W. The three Ps of pedagogy for the networked society: personalisation, participation and productive.Int. J. Teach. Learn. High. Educ.20082011027
    [Google Scholar]
  95. RichardsonW. Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for ClassroomsCorwin Press2009
    [Google Scholar]
  96. PaechterM. MaierB. MacherD. Students’ expectations of, and experiences in e-learning: Their relation to learning achievements and course satisfaction.Comput. Educ.201054122222910.1016/j.compedu.2009.08.005
    [Google Scholar]
  97. PickettyT. Capital in the twenty-first century.Cambridge, Mass.Harvard University Press201410.4159/9780674369542
    [Google Scholar]
  98. DrakeS.M. ReidJ.K. 21st Century competencies in light of the history of integrated curriculum.Front. Educ.2020512210.3389/feduc.2020.00122
    [Google Scholar]
  99. AsadM.M. HussainN. WadhoM. KhandZ.H. ChuriP.P. Integration of e-learning technologies for interactive teaching and learning process: an empirical study on higher education institutes of Pakistan.J. Appl. Res. High. Educ.2020Epub ahead of print10.1108/ARHE‑04‑2020‑0103
    [Google Scholar]
  100. HoferS.I. NistorN. ScheibenzuberC. Online teaching and learning in higher education: Lessons learned in crisis situations.Comput. Human Behav.202112110678910.1016/j.chb.2021.10678936568040
    [Google Scholar]
  101. ArkorfulV. BarfiK.A. AboagyeI.K. Integration of information and communication technology in teaching: Initial perspectives of senior high school teachers in Ghana.Educ. Inf. Technol.20212643771378710.1007/s10639‑020‑10426‑7
    [Google Scholar]
  102. HuangF. TeoT. GuoJ. Understanding English teachers’ non-volitional use of online teaching: A Chinese study.System202110110257410.1016/j.system.2021.102574
    [Google Scholar]
  103. OthmanR. Managing student and faculty expectations and the unexpected during the COVID-19 lockdown: role transformation.Accounting Research Journal202134221722810.1108/ARJ‑09‑2020‑0283
    [Google Scholar]
  104. BoatengA.K.O. AlexJ. Effective pedagogies: the use of cooperative instructional strategies to enhance learners’ achievement in exponential and logarithmic functions. ValeP. WestawayL. NhaseZ. SchudelI. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology EducationSpringer15262020
    [Google Scholar]
  105. HeinG.E. Constructivist Learning Theory.Paper presented at the CECA (International Committee of Museum Educators) Conference15-22 Oct, 1991, Jerusalem Israel, pp. 1-10.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. RojewskiJ.W. Preparing the workforce of tomorrow: A conceptual framework for career and technical education.Career Tech. Educ. Res.200227173510.5328/JVER27.1.7
    [Google Scholar]
  107. KeengweJ. PearsonD. SmartK. Technology integration: mobile devices (iPods), constructivist pedagogy and student learning.Assoc. Advanc. Comput. Edu.2009174333346
    [Google Scholar]
  108. RileyK.L. Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and PhilosophySAGE Publications, Inc.2014
    [Google Scholar]
  109. ApplefieldJ.M. HuberR. MoallemM. Constructivism in theory and practice: toward a better understanding.High Sch. J.20018423553
    [Google Scholar]
  110. DagarV. YadavA. Constructivism: A paradigm for teaching and learning.Arts Soc. Sci. J.201674200203
    [Google Scholar]
  111. AminehR.J. AslH.D. Review of constructivism and social constructivism.J. Soc. Sci.201511916
    [Google Scholar]
  112. McKinleyJ. Critical argument and writer identity: Social constructivism as a theoretical framework for EFL academic writing.Crit. Inq. Lang. Stud.201512318420710.1080/15427587.2015.1060558
    [Google Scholar]
  113. LiM.P. LamB.H. Cooperative learning.2013Available from:http://www.ied.edu.hk/aclass/Theories/cooperativelearningcoursewriting-LBH(accessed on 23-10-2024)
  114. RasselG. LelandS. MohrZ. O’SullivanE. Research methods for public administrators.7th edNew YorkRoutledge202010.4324/9780429319860
    [Google Scholar]
  115. StallerK.M. Big enough? Sampling in qualitative inquiry.Qual. Soc. Work: Res. Pract.202120489790410.1177/14733250211024516
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/css/10.2174/012772316X326898250114215145
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test