Skip to content
2000
image of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - A Promising Cytotherapeutic Agent for Breast Cancer

Abstract

Treating breast cancer has been quite a challenge due to drug resistance and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the non-specificity of chemotherapeutic agents confers side effects while treating aggressive subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer. While targeted therapies are evolving, novel cellular therapies have a promising scope for treating breast cancer, as they can be tailored and allogeneic. Tailored cellular therapies face challenges such as cell availability and the cost of development as well as deployment. While allogeneic cellular therapies overcome these disadvantages, they face graft-versus-host disease. To overcome this, cells with no MHC-I and II, or less immunogenic cells with anti-cancer abilities, are attractive choices. One such cell type is the multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC). These cells are less immunogenic, have immunomodulatory properties, and are also known to home to tumor sites. Such properties can enable their exploitation for delivering drugs and other biotherapeutics. In addition, they seem to possess a natural tumor-inhibiting capability. However, it may be dependent on a multitude of factors, including cancer type, stage of presentation, and the tumor microenvironment. This review examines the fundamental biological mechanisms behind the anti-breast cancer effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), summarizes current advances in MSC-based therapeutic approaches for breast cancer, and explores the potential of genetically engineered MSCs in treatment, while identifying the existing research and application gaps.

© 2026 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cscr/10.2174/011574888X398024250926100803
2026-01-09
2026-02-23

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cscr/10.2174/011574888X398024250926100803
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Filho A.M. Laversanne M. Ferlay J. The GLOBOCAN 2022 cancer estimates: Data sources, methods, and a snapshot of the cancer burden worldwide. Int. J. Cancer 2025 156 7 1336 1346 10.1002/ijc.35278 39688499
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Li Y. Huang Y. Huang H. Global, regional, and national burden of male breast cancer in 204 countries and territories: A systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study, 1990–2021. EClinicalMedicine 2025 80 103027 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.103027 39831130
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Miki Y. Swensen J. Shattuck-Eidens D. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 1994 266 5182 66 71 10.1126/science.7545954 7545954
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Wooster R. Bignell G. Lancaster J. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 1995 378 6559 789 792 10.1038/378789a0 8524414
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Khan N.A.J. Tirona M. An updated review of epidemiology, risk factors, and management of male breast cancer. Med. Oncol. 2021 38 4 39 10.1007/s12032‑021‑01486‑x 33721121
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Britt K.L. Cuzick J. Phillips K.A. Key steps for effective breast cancer prevention. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2020 20 8 417 436 10.1038/s41568‑020‑0266‑x 32528185
    [Google Scholar]
  7. McAndrew N.P. Finn R.S. Clinical review on the management of hormone receptor–positive metastatic breast cancer. JCO Oncol. Pract. 2022 18 5 319 327 10.1200/OP.21.00384 34637323
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Harbeck N. Burstein H.J. Hurvitz S.A. Johnston S. Vidal G.A. A look at current and potential treatment approaches for hormone receptor‐positive, HER2‐negative early breast cancer. Cancer 2022 128 S11 2209 2223 10.1002/cncr.34161 35536015
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Collignon J. Lousberg L. Schroeder H. Jerusalem G. Triple-negative breast cancer: Treatment challenges and solutions. Breast Cancer 2016 8 93 107 10.2147/BCTT.S69488
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Lehmann B.D. Jovanović B. Chen X. Refinement of triple-negative breast cancer molecular subtypes: Implications for neoadjuvant chemotherapy selection. PLoS One 2016 11 6 0157368 10.1371/journal.pone.0157368 27310713
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Xiong N. Wu H. Yu Z. Advancements and challenges in triple-negative breast cancer: A comprehensive review of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Front. Oncol. 2024 14 1405491 10.3389/fonc.2024.1405491 38863622
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Saha T. Lukong K.E. Breast cancer stem-like cells in drug resistance: A review of mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance. Front. Oncol. 2022 12 856974 10.3389/fonc.2022.856974 35392236
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Mehraj U. Dar A.H. Wani N.A. Mir M.A. Tumor microenvironment promotes breast cancer chemoresistance. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 2021 87 2 147 158 10.1007/s00280‑020‑04222‑w 33420940
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Hong I.S. Lee H.Y. Kang K.S. Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer: Friends or enemies? Mutat. Res. 2014 768 98 106 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.01.006 24512984
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Galderisi U. Peluso G. Di Bernardo G. Clinical trials based on mesenchymal stromal cells are exponentially increasing: Where are we in recent years? Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2022 18 1 23 36 10.1007/s12015‑021‑10231‑w 34398443
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Kulus M. Sibiak R. Stefańska K. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from human and animal perinatal tissues—origins, characteristics, signaling pathways, and clinical trials. Cells 2021 10 12 3278 10.3390/cells10123278 34943786
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Friedenstein A.J. Petrakova K.V. Kurolesova A.I. Frolova G.P. Heterotopic of bone marrow. analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation 1968 6 2 230 247 10.1097/00007890‑196803000‑00009 5654088
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Caplan A.I. Mesenchymal stem cells. J. Orthop. Res. 1991 9 5 641 650 10.1002/jor.1100090504 1870029
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Keating A. Mesenchymal stromal cells. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2006 13 6 419 425 10.1097/01.moh.0000245697.54887.6f 17053453
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Horwitz E.M. Le Blanc K. Dominici M. Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC: The international society for cellular therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 2005 7 5 393 395 10.1080/14653240500319234 16236628
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Kidd S. Spaeth E. Dembinski J.L. Direct evidence of mesenchymal stem cell tropism for tumor and wounding microenvironments using in vivo bioluminescent imaging. Stem Cells 2009 27 10 2614 2623 10.1002/stem.187 19650040
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Ren G. Zhao X. Wang Y. CCR2-dependent recruitment of macrophages by tumor-educated mesenchymal stromal cells promotes tumor development and is mimicked by TNFα. Cell Stem Cell 2012 11 6 812 824 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.013 23168163
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Kelly K. Rasko J.E.J. Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of graft versus host disease. Front. Immunol. 2021 12 761616 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761616 34764962
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hwang J.J. Rim Y.A. Nam Y. Ju J.H. Recent developments in clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Front. Immunol. 2021 12 631291 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631291 33763076
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jasim S.A. Yumashev A.V. Abdelbasset W.K. Shining the light on clinical application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in autoimmune diseases. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2022 13 1 101 10.1186/s13287‑022‑02782‑7 35255979
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Wang L.T. Ting C.H. Yen M.L. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treatment towards immune- and inflammation-mediated diseases: Review of current clinical trials. J. Biomed. Sci. 2016 23 1 76 10.1186/s12929‑016‑0289‑5 27809910
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Andrzejewska A. Dabrowska S. Lukomska B. Janowski M. Mesenchymal stem cells for neurological disorders. Adv. Sci. 2021 8 7 2002944 10.1002/advs.202002944 33854883
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Jayaraman H. Ghone N.V. Rajan R.K. Dashora H. The role of cytokines in interactions of mesenchymal stem cells and breast cancer cells. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2021 16 4 443 453 10.2174/1574888X15666201022111942 33092514
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Jayaraman H. Anandhapadman A. Ghone N.V. In vitro and in vivo comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways in breast cancer cells on interaction with mesenchymal stem cells. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2023 195 1 401 431 10.1007/s12010‑022‑04119‑9 36087230
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Ohlsson L.B. Varas L. Kjellman C. Edvardsen K. Lindvall M. Mesenchymal progenitor cell-mediated inhibition of tumor growth in vivo and in vitro in gelatin matrix. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2003 75 3 248 255 10.1016/j.yexmp.2003.06.001 14611816
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Khakoo A.Y. Pati S. Anderson S.A. Human mesenchymal stem cells exert potent antitumorigenic effects in a model of Kaposi’s sarcoma. J. Exp. Med. 2006 203 5 1235 1247 10.1084/jem.20051921 16636132
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Ramasamy R. Lam E.W-F. Soeiro I. Tisato V. Bonnet D. Dazzi F. Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells: Impact on in vivo tumor growth. Leukemia 2007 21 2 304 310 10.1038/sj.leu.2404489 17170725
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lu Y. Yuan Y. Wang X. The growth inhibitory effect of mesenchymal stem cells on tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2008 7 2 245 251 10.4161/cbt.7.2.5296 18059192
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Qiao L. Xu Z. Zhao T. Ye L. Zhang X. Dkk-1 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells inhibits growth of breast cancer cells via depression of Wnt signalling. Cancer Lett. 2008 269 1 67 77 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.032 18571836
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Zhu Y. Sun Z. Han Q. Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit cancer cell proliferation by secreting DKK-1. Leukemia 2009 23 5 925 933 10.1038/leu.2008.384 19148141
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Niu J. Li X.M. Wang X. DKK1 inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion through suppression of β-catenin/MMP7 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 2019 19 1 168 10.1186/s12935‑019‑0883‑1 31285694
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Kim H.Y. Park J.H. Won H.Y. Lee J.Y. Kong G. CBX7 inhibits breast tumorigenicity through DKK‐1‐mediated suppression of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. FASEB J. 2015 29 1 300 313 10.1096/fj.14‑253997 25351982
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Semënov M.V. Tamai K. Brott B.K. Kühl M. Sokol S. He X. Head inducer Dickkopf-1 is a ligand for Wnt coreceptor LRP6. Curr. Biol. 2001 11 12 951 961 10.1016/S0960‑9822(01)00290‑1 11448771
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Semënov M.V. Zhang X. He X. DKK1 antagonizes Wnt signaling without promotion of LRP6 internalization and degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 2008 283 31 21427 21432 10.1074/jbc.M800014200 18505732
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Bourhis E. Wang W. Tam C. Wnt antagonists bind through a short peptide to the first β-propeller domain of LRP5/6. Structure 2011 19 10 1433 1442 10.1016/j.str.2011.07.005 21944579
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Liu C.C. Prior J. Piwnica-Worms D. Bu G. LRP6 overexpression defines a class of breast cancer subtype and is a target for therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010 107 11 5136 5141 10.1073/pnas.0911220107 20194742
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Ma J. Lu W. Chen D. Xu B. Li Y. Role of Wnt co‐receptor LRP6 in triple negative breast cancer cell migration and invasion. J. Cell. Biochem. 2017 118 9 2968 2976 10.1002/jcb.25956 28247948
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Xue W. Hao J. Zhang Q. Chlorogenic acid inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of breast cancer by down-regulating LRP6. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2023 384 2 254 264 10.1124/jpet.122.001189 36456194
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Leng L. Wang Y. He N. Molecular imaging for assessment of mesenchymal stem cells mediated breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2014 35 19 5162 5170 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.014 24685267
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Karnoub A.E. Dash A.B. Vo A.P. Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis. Nature 2007 449 7162 557 563 10.1038/nature06188 17914389
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Rhodes L.V. Muir S.E. Elliott S. Adult human mesenchymal stem cells enhance breast tumorigenesis and promote hormone independence. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2010 121 2 293 300 10.1007/s10549‑009‑0458‑2 19597705
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Waterman R.S. Henkle S.L. Betancourt A.M. Mesenchymal stem cell 1 (MSC1)-based therapy attenuates tumor growth whereas MSC2-treatment promotes tumor growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2012 7 9 45590 10.1371/journal.pone.0045590 23029122
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lee R.H. Yoon N. Reneau J.C. Prockop D.J. Preactivation of human MSCs with TNF-α enhances tumor-suppressive activity. Cell Stem Cell 2012 11 6 825 835 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.001 23142520
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Du J. Zhou L. Chen X. IFN-γ-primed human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce tumor cell apoptosis in vitro via tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2012 44 8 1305 1314 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.015 22554587
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Khoo B.Y. Nadarajan K. Shim S.Y. Pretreatment of BMSCs with TZD solution decreases the proliferation rate of MCF-7 cells by reducing FGF4 protein expression. Mol. Med. Rep. 2016 13 4 3406 3414 10.3892/mmr.2016.4959 26934829
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Hajmomeni P. Sisakhtnezhad S. Bidmeshkipour A. Thymoquinone-treated mouse mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium inhibits human breast cancer cells in vitro. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2023 369 110283 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110283 36450322
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Goldstein R.H. Reagan M.R. Anderson K. Kaplan D.L. Rosenblatt M. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs can home to orthotopic breast cancer tumors and promote bone metastasis. Cancer Res. 2010 70 24 10044 10050 10.1158/0008‑5472.CAN‑10‑1254 21159629
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Grisendi G. Bussolari R. Cafarelli L. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells as stable source of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand delivery for cancer therapy. Cancer Res. 2010 70 9 3718 3729 10.1158/0008‑5472.CAN‑09‑1865 20388793
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Reagan M.R. Seib F.P. McMillin D.W. Stem cell implants for cancer therapy: TRAIL-expressing mesenchymal stem cells target cancer cells in situ. J. Breast Cancer 2012 15 3 273 282 10.4048/jbc.2012.15.3.273 23091539
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Srinivasan S. Ghone N.V. Modulating proliferation, migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells using interleukins. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2025 20 5 546 564 10.2174/011574888X313750240524115446 40525425
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Liu X. Hu J. Sun S. Mesenchymal stem cells expressing interleukin-18 suppress breast cancer cells in vitro. Exp. Ther. Med. 2015 9 4 1192 1200 10.3892/etm.2015.2286
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Liu X. Hu J. Li Y. [Corrigendum] Mesenchymal stem cells expressing interleukin 18 inhibit breast cancer in a mouse model. Oncol. Lett. 2023 26 3 400 10.3892/ol.2023.13986 37600339
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Inoue N. Li W. Fujimoto Y. High serum levels of interleukin-18 are associated with worse outcomes in patients with breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2019 39 9 5009 5018 10.21873/anticanres.13691 31519608
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Zhang H. Feng Y. Xie X. Engineered mesenchymal stem cells as a biotherapy platform for targeted photodynamic immunotherapy of breast cancer. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2022 11 6 2101375 10.1002/adhm.202101375 34981675
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Jiang R. Zhu J. Zhang H. STAT3: Key targets of growth-promoting receptor positive breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2024 24 1 356 10.1186/s12935‑024‑03541‑9 39468521
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Ling X. Marini F. Konopleva M. Mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing IFN-β inhibit breast cancer growth and metastases through Stat3 signaling in a syngeneic tumor model. Cancer Microenviron. 2010 3 1 83 95 10.1007/s12307‑010‑0041‑8 21209776
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Jia Z. Zhu H. Sun H. Adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-1236 reduces resistance of breast cancer cells to cisplatin by suppressing slc9a1 and the wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cancer Manag. Res. 2020 12 8733 8744 10.2147/CMAR.S270200 33061571
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Pakravan K. Babashah S. Sadeghizadeh M. MicroRNA-100 shuttled by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes suppresses in vitro angiogenesis through modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling axis in breast cancer cells. Cell. Oncol. 2017 40 5 457 470 10.1007/s13402‑017‑0335‑7 28741069
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Sheykhhasan M. Kalhor N. Sheikholeslami A. Dolati M. Amini E. Fazaeli H. Exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells as a proper vehicle for transfecting miR‐145 into the breast cancer cell line and its effect on metastasis. BioMed Res. Int. 2021 2021 1 5516078 10.1155/2021/5516078 34307654
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Vakhshiteh F. Rahmani S. Ostad S.N. Madjd Z. Dinarvand R. Atyabi F. Exosomes derived from miR-34a-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells inhibit in vitro tumor growth: A new approach for drug delivery. Life Sci. 2021 266 118871 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118871 33309716
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Naseri Z. Kazemi Oskuee R. Jaafari M.R. Forouzandeh M. Exosome-mediated delivery of functionally active miRNA-142-3p inhibitor reduces tumorigenicity of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2018 13 7727 7747 10.2147/IJN.S182384 30538455
    [Google Scholar]
  67. naseri Z, Oskuee RK, forouzandeh-moghadam M, Jaafari MR. Delivery of LNA-antimiR-142-3p by mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes to breast cancer stem cells reduces tumorigenicity. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2020 16 3 541 556 10.1007/s12015‑019‑09944‑w 31898802
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Shojaei S. Moradi-Chaleshtori M. Paryan M. Koochaki A. Sharifi K. Mohammadi-Yeganeh S. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes enriched with miR-218 reduce the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2023 28 1 516 10.1186/s40001‑023‑01463‑2 37968694
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Limoni S.K. Moghadam M.F. Moazzeni S.M. Gomari H. Salimi F. Engineered exosomes for targeted transfer of siRNA to HER2 positive breast cancer cells. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2019 187 1 352 364 10.1007/s12010‑018‑2813‑4 29951961
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Li S. Wu Y. Ding F. Engineering macrophage-derived exosomes for targeted chemotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer. Nanoscale 2020 12 19 10854 10862 10.1039/D0NR00523A 32396590
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Liang Y. Duan L. Lu J. Xia J. Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery. Theranostics 2021 11 7 3183 3195 10.7150/thno.52570 33537081
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Lin Y. Yan M. Bai Z. Huc-MSC-derived exosomes modified with the targeting peptide of aHSCs for liver fibrosis therapy. J. Nanobiotechnology 2022 20 1 432 10.1186/s12951‑022‑01636‑x 36183106
    [Google Scholar]
  73. You D.G. Oh B.H. Nguyen V.Q. Vitamin A-coupled stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate the fibrotic cascade by targeting activated hepatic stellate cells in vivo. J. Control. Release 2021 336 285 295 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.031 34174353
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Zhang Y.W. Hou L.S. Xing J.H. Zhang T.R. Zhou S.Y. Zhang B.L. Two-Membrane hybrid nanobiomimetic delivery system for targeted autophagy inhibition of activated hepatic stellate cells to synergistically treat liver fibrosis. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023 15 44 50863 50877 10.1021/acsami.3c11046 37899504
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Corrie P.G. Cytotoxic chemotherapy: Clinical aspects. Medicine 2008 36 1 24 28 10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.012
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Bailly C Thuru X Quesnel B Combined cytotoxic chemotherapy and immunotherapy of cancer: Modern times. NAR Cancer 2020 2 1 zcaa002 10.1093/narcan/zcaa002 34316682
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Morris P.G. Fornier M.N. Microtubule active agents: Beyond the taxane frontier. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008 14 22 7167 7172 10.1158/1078‑0432.CCR‑08‑0169 19010832
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Zu J. Tan L. Yang L. Hypoxia engineered bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells targeting system with tumor microenvironment regulation for enhanced chemotherapy of breast cancer. Biomedicines 2021 9 5 575 10.3390/biomedicines9050575 34069607
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Scioli M.G. Artuso S. D’Angelo C. Adipose-derived stem cell-mediated paclitaxel delivery inhibits breast cancer growth. PLoS One 2018 13 9 0203426 10.1371/journal.pone.0203426 30192811
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Pascucci L. Coccè V. Bonomi A. Paclitaxel is incorporated by mesenchymal stromal cells and released in exosomes that inhibit in vitro tumor growth: A new approach for drug delivery. J. Control. Release 2014 192 262 270 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.042 25084218
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Coccè V. Franzè S. Brini A.T. In vitro anticancer activity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by gingival mesenchymal stromal cells primed with paclitaxel. Pharmaceutics 2019 11 2 61 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020061 30717104
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Melzer C. Rehn V. Yang Y. Bähre H. von der Ohe J. Hass R. Taxol-loaded MSC-derived exosomes provide a therapeutic vehicle to target metastatic breast cancer and other carcinoma cells. Cancers 2019 11 6 798 10.3390/cancers11060798 31181850
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Cao S Guo J He Y Nano-loaded human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells as targeted carriers of doxorubicin for breast cancer therapy. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018 46 sup1 642 652 10.1080/21691401.2018.1434185
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Xu C. Feng Q. Yang H. A light‐triggered mesenchymal stem cell delivery system for photoacoustic imaging and chemo‐photothermal therapy of triple negative breast cancer. Adv. Sci. 2018 5 10 1800382 10.1002/advs.201800382 30356957
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Jafarpour S. Ahmadi S. Mokarian F. MSC-derived exosomes enhance the anticancer activity of drugs in 3D spheroid of breast cancer cells. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2024 92 105375 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105375
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Russell S.J. Peng K.W. Bell J.C. Oncolytic virotherapy. Nat. Biotechnol. 2012 30 7 658 670 10.1038/nbt.2287 22781695
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Shalhout S.Z. Miller D.M. Emerick K.S. Kaufman H.L. Therapy with oncolytic viruses: Progress and challenges. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2023 20 3 160 177 10.1038/s41571‑022‑00719‑w 36631681
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Cejalvo J.M. Falato C. Villanueva L. Oncolytic viruses: A new immunotherapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment? Cancer Treat. Rev. 2022 106 102392 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102392 35436729
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Zhu W. Wei L. Zhang H. Chen J. Qin X. Oncolytic adenovirus armed with IL-24 Inhibits the growth of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2012 31 1 51 10.1186/1756‑9966‑31‑51 22640485
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Deng L. Yang X. Ding Y. Oncolytic therapy with vaccinia virus carrying IL-24 for hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol. J. 2022 19 1 44 10.1186/s12985‑022‑01779‑1 35292065
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Carter M.E. Koch A. Lauer U.M. Hartkopf A.D. Clinical trials of oncolytic viruses in breast cancer. Front. Oncol. 2021 11 803050 10.3389/fonc.2021.803050 35004328
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Stoff-Khalili M.A. Rivera A.A. Mathis J.M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a vehicle for targeted delivery of CRAds to lung metastases of breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2007 105 2 157 167 10.1007/s10549‑006‑9449‑8 17221158
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Hakkarainen T. Särkioja M. Lehenkari P. Human mesenchymal stem cells lack tumor tropism but enhance the antitumor activity of oncolytic adenoviruses in orthotopic lung and breast tumors. Hum. Gene Ther. 2007 18 7 627 641 10.1089/hum.2007.034 17604566
    [Google Scholar]
  94. De Miguel M.P. Fuentes-Julián S. Blázquez-Martínez A. Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells: Advances and applications. Curr. Mol. Med. 2012 12 5 574 591 10.2174/156652412800619950 22515979
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Salvadori M. Cesari N. Murgia A. Puccini P. Riccardi B. Dominici M. Dissecting the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of MSCs to overcome limitations in their clinical translation. Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev. 2019 14 1 15 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.05.004 31236426
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Leibacher J. Henschler R. Biodistribution, migration and homing of systemically applied mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2016 7 1 7 10.1186/s13287‑015‑0271‑2 26753925
    [Google Scholar]
  97. Sanchez-Diaz M. Quiñones-Vico M.I. Sanabria de la Torre R. Biodistribution of mesenchymal stromal cells after administration in animal models and humans: A systematic review. J. Clin. Med. 2021 10 13 2925 10.3390/jcm10132925 34210026
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Chan A.M.L. Sampasivam Y. Lokanathan Y. Biodistribution of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in animal models and implied role of exosomes following systemic delivery of MSCs: A systematic review. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2022 14 4 2147 2161 [PMID: 35559383
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Galipeau J. The mesenchymal stromal cells dilemma—does a negative phase III trial of random donor mesenchymal stromal cells in steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease represent a death knell or a bump in the road? Cytotherapy 2013 15 1 2 8 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.002 23260081
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Belmar-Lopez C. Mendoza G. Oberg D. Tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells used as vehicles for anti-tumor therapy exert different in vivo effects on migration capacity and tumor growth. BMC Med. 2013 11 1 139 10.1186/1741‑7015‑11‑139 23710709
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Russell A.L. Lefavor R. Durand N. Glover L. Zubair A.C. Modifiers of mesenchymal stem cell quantity and quality. Transfusion 2018 58 6 1434 1440 10.1111/trf.14597 29582436
    [Google Scholar]
  102. François M. Romieu-Mourez R. Li M. Galipeau J. Human MSC suppression correlates with cytokine induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and bystander M2 macrophage differentiation. Mol. Ther. 2012 20 1 187 195 10.1038/mt.2011.189 21934657
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Isakova I.A. Dufour J. Lanclos C. Bruhn J. Phinney D.G. Cell-dose−dependent increases in circulating levels of immune effector cells in rhesus macaques following intracranial injection of allogeneic MSCs. Exp. Hematol. 2010 38 10 957 967.e1 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.06.011 20600575
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Sundin M. Ringdén O. Sundberg B. Nava S. Götherström C. Le Blanc K. No alloantibodies against mesenchymal stromal cells, but presence of anti-fetal calf serum antibodies, after transplantation in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Haematologica 2007 92 9 1208 1215 10.3324/haematol.11446 17666368
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Fekete N. Gadelorge M. Fürst D. Platelet lysate from whole blood-derived pooled platelet concentrates and apheresis-derived platelet concentrates for the isolation and expansion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells: Production process, content and identification of active components. Cytotherapy 2012 14 5 540 554 10.3109/14653249.2012.655420 22296115
    [Google Scholar]
  106. François M. Copland I.B. Yuan S. Romieu-Mourez R. Waller E.K. Galipeau J. Cryopreserved mesenchymal stromal cells display impaired immunosuppressive properties as a result of heat-shock response and impaired interferon-γ licensing. Cytotherapy 2012 14 2 147 152 10.3109/14653249.2011.623691 22029655
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Siraj Y. Galderisi U. Alessio N. Senescence induces fundamental changes in the secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs): Implications for the therapeutic use of MSCs and their derivates. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2023 11 1148761 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1148761 37229499
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Rodier F. Coppé J.P. Patil C.K. Persistent DNA damage signalling triggers senescence-associated inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009 11 8 973 979 10.1038/ncb1909 19597488
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Alessio N. Acar M.B. Squillaro T. Progression of irradiated mesenchymal stromal cells from early to late senescence: Changes in SASP composition and anti‐tumour properties. Cell Prolif. 2023 56 6 13401 10.1111/cpr.13401 36949664
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Demaria M. O’Leary M.N. Chang J. Cellular senescence promotes adverse effects of chemotherapy and cancer relapse. Cancer Discov. 2017 7 2 165 176 10.1158/2159‑8290.CD‑16‑0241 27979832
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for radiation-induced hyposalivation and xerostomia/dry mouth (MESRIX-SAFETY); NCT03874572. 2021 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03874572
  112. allogeneic human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in localized prostate cancer (MSC); NCT01983709. 2018 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01983709
  113. Individual patient expanded access IND of hope biosciences first blood relative allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HB-adMSCs) for pancreatic cancer; NCT04087889. 2021 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04087889
  114. Chemokine and co-stimulatory molecule-modified mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer; NCT06446050. 2021 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06446050
  115. MSC in patients with xerostomia post XRT in head and neck cancer; NCT04489732. 2025 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04489732
  116. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for ovarian cancer; NCT02530047. 2019 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02530047
  117. Effects of exosome administration in preventing early leakage in rectal cancer patients undergoing low anterior resection; NCT06536712. 2024 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06536712
  118. MV-NIS infected mesenchymal stem cells in treating recurrent ovarian, primary peritoneal or fallopian tube cancer.; NCT02068794. 2024 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02068794
  119. MSC-DNX-2401 in treating patients with recurrent high-grade glioma; NCT03896568. 2025 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03896568
/content/journals/cscr/10.2174/011574888X398024250926100803
Loading
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells - A Promising Cytotherapeutic Agent for Breast Cancer
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/011574888X398024250926100803
/content/journals/cscr/10.2174/011574888X398024250926100803
/content/journals/cscr/10.2174/011574888X398024250926100803
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: breast cancer ; exosomes ; engineered MSCs ; preconditioning ; therapeutic agent ; Mesenchymal setm cell

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test