Skip to content
2000
Volume 22, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1573-3971
  • E-ISSN: 1875-6360
file format text download EPUB
file format pdf download PDF
side by side viewer icon HTML

Abstract

Articular cartilage, a crucial component of joint structure, ensures smooth articulation and efficient load distribution within the joint. However, its integrity is compromised in various pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis, leading to significant alterations in its structure and function. This process was significantly correlated with Extracellular Matrix (ECM) degradation, loss of collagen type II, and increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-13. The ability of chondrocytes to invade into the ECM in pathologically altered tissue leads to cartilage repair and regeneration, and becomes the basis of chondrocyte cell therapy. Furthermore, the altered mechanical properties of the ECM in diseased cartilage, alongside the upregulation of chemotactic factors, contribute to the enhanced migratory behavior of chondrocytes. Interestingly, chondrocytes invading the ECM displayed signs of phenotypic changes, such as increased proliferation and expression of markers associated with chondrocytes' intrinsic genetic properties. The invasion of chondrocytes into the ECM is a response to cartilage damage, possibly driven by an attempt to repair the degraded ECM, and varies in chondrocytes from different sources, , articular cartilage or nasal septum. Nasal chondrocytes highlight the increase of ACAN, SOX9, N-cadherin, COL2A expression and decrease of IL1B, CXCL8, and MMPs gene family expression, which could relate to their unique phenotype properties. However, this response may paradoxically contribute to the progression of cartilage pathology by disrupting the tissue architecture and promoting further degeneration. Our review highlights the endogenous genetic properties of nasal chondrocytes to invade and repair damaged cartilage, offering promising avenues for cartilage repair and regeneration.

© 2026 The Author(s). Published by Bentham Science Publishers.
This is an open access article published under CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/crr/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434
2025-04-09
2026-03-11

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/crr/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/crr/22/1/CRR-22-1-08.html?itemId=/content/journals/crr/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. EschweilerJ. HornN. RathB. BetschM. BaronciniA. TingartM. MiglioriniF. The biomechanics of cartilage—an overview.Life202111430210.3390/life1104030233915881
     [Google Scholar]
  2. CastañedaS. VicenteE.F. Osteoarthritis: More than cartilage degeneration.Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab.2017152698110.1007/s12018‑017‑9228‑6
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Di NicolaV. Degenerative osteoarthritis a reversible chronic disease.Regen. Ther.20201514916010.1016/j.reth.2020.07.00733426213
     [Google Scholar]
  4. ZhuX. ChanY.T. YungP.S.H. TuanR.S. JiangY. Subchondral bone remodeling: A therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.Front. Cell Dev. Biol.2021860776410.3389/fcell.2020.60776433553146
     [Google Scholar]
  5. BattistelliM. FaveroM. BuriniD. TrisolinoG. DallariD. De FranceschiL. GoldringS.R. GoldringM.B. BelluzziE. FilardoG. GrigoloB. FalcieriE. OlivottoE. Morphological and ultrastructural analysis of normal, injured and osteoarthritic human knee menisci.Eur. J. Histochem.2019631299810.4081/ejh.2019.299830739432
     [Google Scholar]
  6. OzekiN. KogaH. SekiyaI. Degenerative meniscus in knee osteoarthritis: From pathology to treatment.Life202212460310.3390/life1204060335455094
     [Google Scholar]
  7. EmmiA. StoccoE. Boscolo-BertoR. ContranM. BelluzziE. FaveroM. RamondaR. PorzionatoA. RuggieriP. De CaroR. MacchiV. Infrapatellar fat pad-synovial membrane anatomo-fuctional unit: Microscopic basis for Piezo1/2 mechanosensors involvement in osteoarthritis pain.Front. Cell Dev. Biol.20221088660410.3389/fcell.2022.88660435837327
     [Google Scholar]
  8. SinghP. MarcuK.B. GoldringM.B. OteroM. Phenotypic instability of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: On a path to hypertrophy.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.201914421173410.1111/nyas.1393030008181
     [Google Scholar]
  9. AdamM.S. ZhuangH. RenX. ZhangY. ZhouP. The metabolic characteristics and changes of chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro in osteoarthritis.Front. Endocrinol.202415139355010.3389/fendo.2024.139355038854686
     [Google Scholar]
  10. ZhengL. ZhangZ. ShengP. MobasheriA. The role of metabolism in chondrocyte dysfunction and the progression of osteoarthritis.Ageing Res. Rev.20216610124910.1016/j.arr.2020.10124933383189
     [Google Scholar]
  11. PettenuzzoS. ArduinoA. BelluzziE. PozzuoliA. FontanellaC.G. RuggieriP. SalomoniV. MajoranaC. BerardoA. Biomechanics of chondrocytes and chondrons in healthy conditions and osteoarthritis: A review of the mechanical characterisations at the microscale.Biomedicines2023117194210.3390/biomedicines1107194237509581
     [Google Scholar]
  12. WangN. LuY. RothrauffB.B. ZhengA. LambA. YanY. LipaK.E. LeiG. LinH. Mechanotransduction pathways in articular chondrocytes and the emerging role of estrogen receptor-α.Bone Res.20231111310.1038/s41413‑023‑00248‑x36869045
     [Google Scholar]
  13. ZhaoZ. LiY. WangM. ZhaoS. FangJ. Mechanotransduction pathways in the regulation of cartilage chondrocyte homoeostasis.J. Cell. Mol. Med.202024105408541910.1111/jcmm.1520432237113
     [Google Scholar]
  14. WeiW. DaiH. Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering techniques: Recent advances and challenges.Bioact. Mater.20216124830485510.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.01134136726
     [Google Scholar]
  15. ChenM. JiangZ. ZouX. YouX. CaiZ. HuangJ. Advancements in tissue engineering for articular cartilage regeneration.Heliyon2024103e2540010.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e2540038352769
     [Google Scholar]
  16. SengprasertP. KamenkitO. TanavaleeA. ReantragoonR. The immunological facets of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis: A narrative review.J. Rheumatol.2024511132410.3899/jrheum.2023‑081637914220
     [Google Scholar]
  17. UrlićI. IvkovićA. Cell sources for cartilage repair—biological and clinical perspective.Cells2021109249610.3390/cells1009249634572145
     [Google Scholar]
  18. LiT. ChenS. PeiM. Contribution of neural crest-derived stem cells and nasal chondrocytes to articular cartilage regeneration.Cell. Mol. Life Sci.202077234847485910.1007/s00018‑020‑03567‑y32504256
     [Google Scholar]
  19. BrittbergM. LindahlA. NilssonA. OhlssonC. IsakssonO. PetersonL. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation.N. Engl. J. Med.19943311488989510.1056/NEJM1994100633114018078550
     [Google Scholar]
  20. MichelacciY.M. BaccarinR.Y.A. RodriguesN.N.P. Chondrocyte homeostasis and differentiation: Transcriptional control and signaling in healthy and osteoarthritic conditions.Life2023137146010.3390/life1307146037511835
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Guillén-GarcíaP. Rodríguez-IñigoE. Guillén-VicenteI. Caballero-SantosR. Guillén-VicenteM. AbelowS. Giménez-GallegoG. López-AlcorochoJ.M. Increasing the dose of autologous chondrocytes improves articular cartilage repair.Cartilage20145211412210.1177/194760351351590326069691
     [Google Scholar]
  22. OguraT. MosierB.A. BryantT. MinasT. A 20-year follow-up after first-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation.Am. J. Sports Med.201745122751276110.1177/036354651771663128745972
     [Google Scholar]
  23. SalucciS. FalcieriE. BattistelliM. Chondrocyte death involvement in osteoarthritis.Cell Tissue Res.2022389215917010.1007/s00441‑022‑03639‑435614364
     [Google Scholar]
  24. WuX. LiyanageC. PlanM. StarkT. McCubbinT. BarreroR.A. BatraJ. CrawfordR. XiaoY. PrasadamI. Dysregulated energy metabolism impairs chondrocyte function in osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis Cartilage202331561362610.1016/j.joca.2022.11.00436410637
     [Google Scholar]
  25. LepetsosP. PapavassiliouK.A. PapavassiliouA.G. Redox and NF-κB signaling in osteoarthritis.Free Radic. Biol. Med.20191329010010.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.02530236789
     [Google Scholar]
  26. GuoX. XiL. YuM. FanZ. WangW. JuA. LiangZ. ZhouG. RenW. Regeneration of articular cartilage defects: Therapeutic strategies and perspectives.J. Tissue Eng.2023142041731423116476510.1177/2041731423116476537025158
     [Google Scholar]
  27. EvenbrattH. AndreassonL. BicknellV. BrittbergM. MobiniR. SimonssonS. Insights into the present and future of cartilage regeneration and joint repair.Cell Regen.2022111310.1186/s13619‑021‑00104‑535106664
     [Google Scholar]
  28. RosiniS. SaviolaG. CominiL. MolfettaL. Mesenchymal cells are a promising -but still unsatisfying- anti- inflammatory therapeutic strategy for osteoarthritis: A narrative review.Curr. Rheumatol. Rev.202319328729310.2174/157339711866622092814162436173057
     [Google Scholar]
  29. LindahlA BrittbergM Cartilage and bone regeneration.Academic Press 20231653358310.1016/B978‑0‑12‑824459‑3.00016‑0
     [Google Scholar]
  30. NamY. RimY.A. LeeJ. JuJ.H. Current therapeutic strategies for stem cell-based cartilage regeneration.Stem Cells Int.2018201812010.1155/2018/849048929765426
     [Google Scholar]
  31. JiangS. GuoW. TianG. LuoX. PengL. LiuS. SuiX. GuoQ. LiX. Clinical application status of articular cartilage regeneration techniques: Tissue-engineered cartilage brings new hope.Stem Cells Int.2020202011610.1155/2020/569025232676118
     [Google Scholar]
  32. KonE. FilardoG. Di MatteoB. PerdisaF. MarcacciM. Matrix assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation for cartilage treatment.Bone Joint Res.201322182510.1302/2046‑3758.22.200009223610698
     [Google Scholar]
  33. KreuzP.C. KalkreuthR.H. NiemeyerP. UhlM. ErggeletC. Long-term clinical and MRI results of matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation for articular cartilage defects of the knee.Cartilage201910330531310.1177/194760351875646329429373
     [Google Scholar]
  34. KraeutlerM.J. BelkJ.W. PurcellJ.M. McCartyE.C. Microfracture versus autologous chondrocyte implantation for articular cartilage lesions in the knee: A systematic review of 5-year outcomes.Am. J. Sports Med.201846499599910.1177/036354651770191228423287
     [Google Scholar]
  35. VyasC. MishbakH. CooperG. PeachC. PereiraR.F. BartoloP. Biological perspectives and current biofabrication strategies in osteochondral tissue engineering.Biomanufacturing Reviews202051210.1007/s40898‑020‑00008‑y
     [Google Scholar]
  36. KatoY. ChavezJ. YamadaS. HattoriS. TakazawaS. OhuchiH. A large knee osteochondral lesion treated using a combination of osteochondral autograft transfer and second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation: A case report.Regen. Ther.201910101610.1016/j.reth.2018.10.00230525066
     [Google Scholar]
  37. RosetiL. GrigoloB. Current concepts and perspectives for articular cartilage regeneration.J. Exp. Orthop.2022916110.1186/s40634‑022‑00498‑435776217
     [Google Scholar]
  38. ColombiniA. LibonatiF. LopaS. PerettiG.M. MorettiM. de GirolamoL. Autologous chondrocyte implantation provides good long-term clinical results in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review.Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc.20233162338234810.1007/s00167‑022‑07030‑235716187
     [Google Scholar]
  39. KrillM. EarlyN. EverhartJ.S. FlaniganD.C. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for knee cartilage defects.JBJS Rev.201862e510.2106/JBJS.RVW.17.0007829461987
     [Google Scholar]
  40. GoyalD. GoyalA. KeyhaniS. LeeE.H. HuiJ.H.P. Evidence-based status of second- and third-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation over first generation: A systematic review of level I and II studies.Arthroscopy201329111872187810.1016/j.arthro.2013.07.27124075851
     [Google Scholar]
  41. FuggleN.R. CooperC. OreffoR.O.C. PriceA.J. KauxJ.F. MaheuE. CutoloM. HonvoG. ConaghanP.G. BerenbaumF. BrancoJ. BrandiM.L. CortetB. VeroneseN. KurthA.A. MatijevicR. RothR. PelletierJ.P. Martel-PelletierJ. VlaskovskaM. ThomasT. LemsW.F. Al-DaghriN. BruyèreO. RizzoliR. KanisJ.A. ReginsterJ.Y. Alternative and complementary therapies in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair.Aging Clin. Exp. Res.202032454756010.1007/s40520‑020‑01515‑132170710
     [Google Scholar]
  42. RappA.E. ZauckeF. Cartilage extracellular matrix-derived matrikines in osteoarthritis.Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.20233242C377C39410.1152/ajpcell.00464.202236571440
     [Google Scholar]
  43. LiM. YinH. YanZ. LiH. WuJ. WangY. WeiF. TianG. NingC. LiH. GaoC. FuL. JiangS. ChenM. SuiX. LiuS. ChenZ. GuoQ. The immune microenvironment in cartilage injury and repair.Acta Biomater.2022140234210.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.00634896634
     [Google Scholar]
  44. BaddamP. Bayona-RodriguezF. CampbellS.M. El-HakimH. GrafD. Properties of the nasal cartilage, from development to adulthood: A scoping review.Cartilage20221311947603522108769610.1177/1947603522108769635345900
     [Google Scholar]
  45. ChiuC. ZhengK. XueM. DuD. Comparative analysis of hyaline cartilage characteristics and chondrocyte potential for articular cartilage repair.Ann. Biomed. Eng.202452492093310.1007/s10439‑023‑03429‑138190025
     [Google Scholar]
  46. TaïhiI. NassifA. IsaacJ. FournierB.P. FerréF. Head to knee: Cranial neural crest-derived cells as promising candidates for human cartilage repair.Stem Cells Int.2019201911410.1155/2019/931031830766608
     [Google Scholar]
  47. van OschG.J.V.M. BarberoA. BrittbergM. Cells for cartilage regeneration.Engineering and regeneration. Reference series in biomedical engineering. GimbleJ. Marolt PresenD. OreffoR. WolbankS. RedlH. ChamSpringer2020339910.1007/978‑3‑319‑08831‑0_1
     [Google Scholar]
  48. FuJ. HeP. WangD.A. Articular cartilage tissue engineering.Tissue engineering for artificial organs: regenerative medicine, smart diagnostics and personalized medicine201712439510.1002/9783527689934.ch8
     [Google Scholar]
  49. BačenkováD. TrebuňováM. DemeterováJ. ŽivčákJ. Human chondrocytes, metabolism of articular cartilage, and strategies for application to tissue engineering.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202324231709610.3390/ijms24231709638069417
     [Google Scholar]
  50. MummeM. SteinitzA. NussK.M. KleinK. FelicianoS. KronenP. JakobM. von RechenbergB. MartinI. BarberoA. PelttariK. Regenerative potential of tissue-engineered nasal chondrocytes in goat articular cartilage defects.Tissue Eng. Part A20162221-221286129510.1089/ten.tea.2016.015927633049
     [Google Scholar]
  51. MummeM. BarberoA. MiotS. WixmertenA. FelicianoS. WolfF. AsnaghiA.M. BaumhoerD. BieriO. KretzschmarM. PagenstertG. HaugM. SchaeferD.J. MartinI. JakobM. Nasal chondrocyte-based engineered autologous cartilage tissue for repair of articular cartilage defects: An observational first-in-human trial.Lancet2016388100551985199410.1016/S0140‑6736(16)31658‑027789021
     [Google Scholar]
  52. ZouJ. BaiB. YaoY. Progress of co-culture systems in cartilage regeneration.Expert Opin. Biol. Ther.201818111151115810.1080/14712598.2018.153311630295075
     [Google Scholar]
  53. HellingmanC.A. VerwielE.T.P. SlagtI. KoevoetW. PoublonR.M.L. Nolst-TrenitéG.J. De JongR.J.B. JahrH. Van OschG.J.V.M. Differences in cartilage-forming capacity of expanded human chondrocytes from ear and nose and their gene expression profiles.Cell Transplant.201120692594010.3727/096368910X53911921054934
     [Google Scholar]
  54. AcevedoL. PelttariK. OcchettaP. GeurtsJ. ManferdiniC. LisignoliG. HaugM. FelicianoS. MartinI. BarberoA. Performance of nasal chondrocytes in an osteoarthritic environment.Osteoarthritis Cartilage201826S37S3810.1016/j.joca.2018.02.091
     [Google Scholar]
  55. ZhongL. HuangX. KarperienM. PostJ. Correlation between gene expression and osteoarthritis progression in human.Int. J. Mol. Sci.2016177112610.3390/ijms1707112627428952
     [Google Scholar]
  56. JeonJ.H. YunB.G. LimM.J. KimS.J. LimM.H. LimJ.Y. ParkS.H. KimS.W. Rapid cartilage regeneration of spheroids composed of human nasal septum-derived chondrocyte in rat osteochondral defect model.Tissue Eng. Regen. Med.2020171819010.1007/s13770‑019‑00231‑w31983036
     [Google Scholar]
  57. BrownW.E. LaverniaL. BielajewB.J. HuJ.C. AthanasiouK.A. Human nasal cartilage: Functional properties and structure-function relationships for the development of tissue engineering design criteria.Acta Biomater.202316811312410.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.01137454708
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Alcaide-RuggieroL. Molina-HernándezV. GranadosM.M. DomínguezJ.M. Main and minor types of collagens in the articular cartilage: The role of collagens in repair tissue evaluation in chondral defects.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202122241332910.3390/ijms22241332934948124
     [Google Scholar]
  59. GaoY. LiuS. HuangJ. GuoW. ChenJ. ZhangL. ZhaoB. PengJ. WangA. WangY. XuW. LuS. YuanM. GuoQ. The ECM-cell interaction of cartilage extracellular matrix on chondrocytes.BioMed Res. Int.201420141810.1155/2014/64845924959581
     [Google Scholar]
  60. LuoY. SinkeviciuteD. HeY. KarsdalM. HenrotinY. MobasheriA. ÖnnerfjordP. Bay-JensenA. The minor collagens in articular cartilage.Protein Cell20178856057210.1007/s13238‑017‑0377‑728213717
     [Google Scholar]
  61. RoughleyP.J. MortJ.S. The role of aggrecan in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage.J. Exp. Orthop.201411810.1186/s40634‑014‑0008‑726914753
     [Google Scholar]
  62. SivanS.S. WachtelE. RoughleyP. Structure, function, aging and turnover of aggrecan in the intervertebral disc.Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj.20141840103181318910.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.01325065289
     [Google Scholar]
  63. LefebvreV. AngelozziM. HaseebA. SOX9 in cartilage development and disease.Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.201961394710.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.00831382142
     [Google Scholar]
  64. LefebvreV. Dvir-GinzbergM. SOX9 and the many facets of its regulation in the chondrocyte lineage.Connect. Tissue Res.201758121410.1080/03008207.2016.118366727128146
     [Google Scholar]
  65. DengZ.H. LiY.S. GaoX. LeiG.H. HuardJ. Bone morphogenetic proteins for articular cartilage regeneration.Osteoarthritis Cartilage20182691153116110.1016/j.joca.2018.03.00729580979
     [Google Scholar]
  66. YamaguchiH. SwaminathanS. MishinaY. KomatsuY. Enhanced BMP signaling leads to enlarged nasal cartilage formation in mice.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.202367817317810.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.05337640003
     [Google Scholar]
  67. ZhongL. HuangX. RodriguesE.D. LeijtenJ.C.H. VerripsT. El KhattabiM. KarperienM. PostJ.N. Endogenous DKK1 and FRZB regulate chondrogenesis and hypertrophy in three-dimensional cultures of human chondrocytes and human mesenchymal stem cells.Stem Cells Dev.201625231808181710.1089/scd.2016.022227733096
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Acevedo RuaL. MummeM. ManferdiniC. DarwicheS. KhalilA. HilpertM. BuchnerD.A. LisignoliG. OcchettaP. von RechenbergB. HaugM. SchaeferD.J. JakobM. CaplanA. MartinI. BarberoA. PelttariK. Engineered nasal cartilage for the repair of osteoarthritic knee cartilage defects.Sci. Transl. Med.202113609eaaz449910.1126/scitranslmed.aaz449934516821
     [Google Scholar]
  69. ZhongL. SchivoS. HuangX. LeijtenJ. KarperienM. PostJ. Nitric oxide mediates crosstalk between interleukin 1β and WNT signaling in primary human chondrocytes by reducing DKK1 and FRZB expression.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20171811249110.3390/ijms1811249129165387
     [Google Scholar]
  70. StorchC. FuhrmannH. SchoenigerA. HOX gene expressions in cultured articular and nasal equine chondrocytes.Animals2021119254210.3390/ani1109254234573508
     [Google Scholar]
  71. BoutellJ. MaciewiczR.A. ParkerA.E. Cartilage ECM molecules are differentially expressed between nasal and articular bovine chondrocytes.Int. J. Exp. Pathol.2000811A710.1046/j.1365‑2613.2000.0145h.x
     [Google Scholar]
  72. SzwedowskiD. SzczepanekJ. PaczesnyŁ. PękałaP. ZabrzyńskiJ. KruczyńskiJ. Genetics in cartilage lesions: Basic science and therapy approaches.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20202115543010.3390/ijms2115543032751537
     [Google Scholar]
  73. BauB. GebhardP.M. HaagJ. KnorrT. BartnikE. AignerT. Relative messenger RNA expression profiling of collagenases and aggrecanases in human articular chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro .Arthritis Rheum.200246102648265710.1002/art.1053112384923
     [Google Scholar]
  74. BorghaeiR.C. GorskiG. SeutterS. ChunJ. KhaselovN. ScianniS. Zinc-binding protein-89 (ZBP-89) cooperates with NF-κB to regulate expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to inflammatory cytokines.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2016471450350910.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.04526891870
     [Google Scholar]
  75. RoupakiaE. MarkopoulosG.S. KolettasE. IL-12-mediated transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinases.Biosci. Rep.2018383BSR2017142010.1042/BSR2017142029555826
     [Google Scholar]
  76. RogersS. ScholppS. Vertebrate Wnt5a – At the crossroads of cellular signalling.Semin. Cell Dev. Biol.202212531010.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.00234686423
     [Google Scholar]
  77. MamachanM. SharunK. BanuS.A. MuthuS. PawdeA.M. AbualigahL. MaitiS.K. Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration: Insights into molecular mechanism and therapeutic strategies.Tissue Cell20248810238010.1016/j.tice.2024.10238038615643
     [Google Scholar]
  78. BaranovskyD.S. LyundupA.V. BalyasinM.V. Interleukin IL-1β stimulates cartilage scaffold revitalization in vitro with human nasal chondrocytes.Rus. J. Transplantol. Artif. Organs.2019214889510.15825/1995‑1191‑2019‑4‑88‑95
     [Google Scholar]
  79. ScottiC. OsmokrovicA. WolfF. MiotS. PerettiG.M. BarberoA. MartinI. Response of human engineered cartilage based on articular or nasal chondrocytes to interleukin-1β and low oxygen.Tissue Eng. Part A2012183-436237210.1089/ten.tea.2011.023421902467
     [Google Scholar]
  80. SahuA. RatheeS. JainS.K. PatilU.K. Exploring the promising role of guggulipid in rheumatoid arthritis management: An in-depth analysis.Curr. Rheumatol. Rev.202420546948710.2174/011573397128098424010111520338284718
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Jenei-LanzlZ. MeurerA. ZauckeF. Interleukin-1β signaling in osteoarthritis – Chondrocytes in focus.Cell. Signal.20195321222310.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.00530312659
     [Google Scholar]
  82. ZhangS. HuB. LiuW. WangP. LvX. ChenS. LiuH. ShaoZ. Articular cartilage regeneration: The role of endogenous mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell recruitment and migration.Semin. Arthritis Rheum.202050219820810.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.11.00131767195
     [Google Scholar]
  83. EdderkaouiB. Chemokines in cartilage regeneration and degradation: New insights.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202325138110.3390/ijms2501038138203552
     [Google Scholar]
  84. BorrelliJ.Jr OlsonS.A. GodboutC. SchemitschE.H. StannardJ.P. GiannoudisP.V. Understanding articular cartilage injury and potential treatments.J. Orthop. Trauma2019333Suppl. 6S6S1210.1097/BOT.000000000000147231083142
     [Google Scholar]
  85. GoldringM.B. Cartilage biology: Overview.Encyclopedia of Bone BiologyElsevier202052153410.1016/B978‑0‑12‑801238‑3.62211‑0
     [Google Scholar]
  86. MattaC. KhademhosseiniA. MobasheriA. Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential for microengineering the chondrocyte niche.EBioMedicine20152111560156110.1016/j.ebiom.2015.10.01526870763
     [Google Scholar]
  87. ElsaesserA.F. SchwarzS. JoosH. KoerberL. BrennerR.E. RotterN. Characterization of a migrative subpopulation of adult human nasoseptal chondrocytes with progenitor cell features and their potential for in vivo cartilage regeneration strategies.Cell Biosci.2016611110.1186/s13578‑016‑0078‑626877866
     [Google Scholar]
  88. LauerJ.C. SeligM. HartM.L. KurzB. RolauffsB. Articular chondrocyte phenotype regulation through the cytoskeleton and the signaling processes that originate from or converge on the cytoskeleton: Towards a novel understanding of the intersection between actin dynamics and chondrogenic function.Int. J. Mol. Sci.2021226327910.3390/ijms2206327933807043
     [Google Scholar]
  89. WangG. BeierF. Rac1/Cdc42 and RhoA GTPases antagonistically regulate chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and apoptosis.J. Bone Miner. Res.20052061022103110.1359/JBMR.05011315883643
     [Google Scholar]
  90. ChawlaS. MainardiA. MajumderN. DöngesL. KumarB. OcchettaP. MartinI. EgloffC. GhoshS. BandyopadhyayA. BarberoA. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in osteoarthritis: Mechanistic studies and models for the identification of new therapeutic strategies.Cells20221124403410.3390/cells1124403436552796
     [Google Scholar]
  91. KnudsonC.B. KnudsonW. Hyaluronan and CD44.Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.2004427427Suppl.S152S16210.1097/01.blo.0000143804.26638.8215480059
     [Google Scholar]
  92. QadriM.M. Targeting CD44 receptor pathways in degenerative joint diseases: Involvement of proteoglycan-4 (PRG4).Pharmaceuticals20231610142510.3390/ph1610142537895896
     [Google Scholar]
  93. VedicherlaS. BuckleyC.T. In vitro extracellular matrix accumulation of nasal and articular chondrocytes for intervertebral disc repair.Tissue Cell201749450351310.1016/j.tice.2017.05.00228515001
     [Google Scholar]
  94. ShafieeA. KabiriM. LangroudiL. SoleimaniM. AiJ. Evaluation and comparison of the in vitro characteristics and chondrogenic capacity of four adult stem/progenitor cells for cartilage cell-based repair.J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A2016104360061010.1002/jbm.a.3560326507473
     [Google Scholar]
  95. LehoczkyG. WolfF. MummeM. GehmertS. MiotS. HaugM. JakobM. MartinI. BarberoA. Intra-individual comparison of human nasal chondrocytes and debrided knee chondrocytes: Relevance for engineering autologous cartilage grafts.Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc.2020741677810.3233/CH‑19923631743993
     [Google Scholar]
  96. OhC. LuY. LiangS. Mori-AkiyamaY. ChenD. de CrombruggheB. YasudaH. SOX9 regulates multiple genes in chondrocytes, including genes encoding ECM proteins, ECM modification enzymes, receptors, and transporters.PLoS One201499e10757710.1371/journal.pone.010757725229425
     [Google Scholar]
  97. RolvienT. YorganT.A. KornakU. Hermans-BorgmeyerI. MundlosS. SchmidtT. NiemeierA. SchinkeT. AmlingM. OheimR. Skeletal deterioration in COL2A1-related spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia occurs prior to osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis Cartilage202028333434310.1016/j.joca.2019.12.01131958497
     [Google Scholar]
  98. KianiC. ChenL. WuY.J. YeeA.J. YangB.B. Structure and function of aggrecan.Cell Res.2002121193210.1038/sj.cr.729010611942407
     [Google Scholar]
  99. SolchagaL.A. PenickK. GoldbergV.M. CaplanA.I. WelterJ.F. Fibroblast growth factor-2 enhances proliferation and delays loss of chondrogenic potential in human adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.Tissue Eng. Part A20101631009101910.1089/ten.tea.2009.010019842915
     [Google Scholar]
  100. ChoukairD. HügelU. SanderA. UhlmannL. TönshoffB. Inhibition of IGF-I–related intracellular signaling pathways by proinflammatory cytokines in growth plate chondrocytes.Pediatr. Res.201476324525110.1038/pr.2014.8424941214
     [Google Scholar]
  101. WangQ. ZhouC. LiX. CaiL. ZouJ. ZhangD. XieJ. LaiW. TGF-β1 promotes gap junctions formation in chondrocytes via Smad3/Smad4 signalling.Cell Prolif.2019522e1254410.1111/cpr.1254430444057
     [Google Scholar]
  102. TangY. XiaoJ. WangY. LiM. ShiZ. Effect of adenovirus-mediated TGF-β1 gene transfer on the function of rabbit articular chondrocytes.J. Orthop. Sci.201722114915510.1016/j.jos.2016.05.00927876193
     [Google Scholar]
  103. MaldaJ. KreijveldE. TemenoffJ.S. BlitterswijkC.A. RiesleJ. Expansion of human nasal chondrocytes on macroporous microcarriers enhances redifferentiation.Biomaterials200324285153516110.1016/S0142‑9612(03)00428‑914568432
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Nasal septum perforation treatment using tissue engineered cartilage graft (NSP).Patent NCT046339282023
  105. Clinical trial for the regeneration of cartilage lesions in the knee (NosetoKnee2).Patent NCT026739052024
  106. Nasal septum autologous chondrocytes transplantation for condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery.Patent NCT031379142021
  107. Treatment of patellofemoral osteoarthritis with engineered cartilage.Patent NCT061635732024
  108. Implantation of engineered cartilage grafts for treatment of patellofemoral osteoarthritis versus surgical comparators. (ENCANTO).Patent NCT065765832024
  109. Tissue engineered nasal cartilage for reconstruction of the alar lobule.Patent NCT012426182014
  110. Tissue engineered nasal cartilage for regeneration of articular cartilage (Nose2Knee).Patent NCT016052012018
  111. ShestakovaV.A. KlabukovI.D. BaranovskiiD.S. KrasilnikovaM. ShegayP.V. KaprinA.D. Assessment of immunological responses-a novel challenge in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Biomed. Res. Ther.20229115384538610.15419/bmrat.v9i11.776
     [Google Scholar]
  112. KlabukovI. AtiakshinD. KoganE. IgnatyukM. KrasheninnikovM. ZharkovN. YakimovaA. GrinevichV. PryanikovP. ParshinV. SosinD. KostinA.A. ShegayP. KaprinA.D. BaranovskiiD. Post-implantation inflammatory responses to xenogeneic tissue-engineered cartilage implanted in rabbit trachea: The role of cultured chondrocytes in the modification of inflammation.Int. J. Mol. Sci.202324231678310.3390/ijms24231678338069106
     [Google Scholar]
  113. LyaminaS. BaranovskiiD. KozhevnikovaE. IvanovaT. KalishS. SadekovT. KlabukovI. MaevI. GovorunV. Mesenchymal stromal cells as a driver of inflammaging.Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023247637210.3390/ijms2407637237047346
     [Google Scholar]
  114. AroraD. TanejaY. SharmaA. DhingraA. GuarveK. Role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: An explicative review.Curr. Rheumatol. Rev.202420121310.2174/157339711966623090415074137670694
     [Google Scholar]
  115. SmirnovaA. YatsenkoE. BaranovskiiD. KlabukovI. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in skin wound healing: The risk of senescent drift induction in secretome-based therapeutics.Mil. Med. Res.20231016010.1186/s40779‑023‑00498‑038031201
     [Google Scholar]
  116. ManiwaS. OchiM. MotomuraT. NishikoriT. ChenJ. NaoraH. Effects of hyaluronic acid and basic fibroblast growth factor on motility of chondrocytes and synovial cells in culture.Acta Orthop. Scand.200172329930310.1080/0001647015284666411480609
     [Google Scholar]
  117. TsaiY.H. ChenC.W. LaiW.F.T. TangJ.R. DengW.P. YehS.D. ChungA. ZuoC.S. BowleyJ.F. Phenotypic changes in proliferation, differentiation, and migration of chondrocytes: 3D in vitro models for joint wound healing.J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A201092A31115112210.1002/jbm.a.3246519301266
     [Google Scholar]
  118. ShellardA. SzabóA. TrepatX. MayorR. Supracellular contraction at the rear of neural crest cell groups drives collective chemotaxis.Science2018362641233934310.1126/science.aau330130337409
     [Google Scholar]
  119. ChengH.W. HsiaoC.T. ChenY.Q. HuangC.M. ChanS.I. ChiouA. KuoJ.C. Centrosome guides spatial activation of Rac to control cell polarization and directed cell migration.Life Sci. Alliance201921e20180013510.26508/lsa.20180013530737247
     [Google Scholar]
  120. WuY. LiuW. LiJ. ShiH. MaS. WangD. PanB. XiaoR. JiangH. LiuX. Decreased Tiam1-mediated Rac1 activation is responsible for impaired directional persistence of chondrocyte migration in microtia.J. Cell. Mol. Med.20242811e1844310.1111/jcmm.1844338837873
     [Google Scholar]
  121. ImG.I. Gene transfer strategies to promote chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration.Tissue Eng. Part B Rev.201622213614810.1089/ten.teb.2015.034726414246
     [Google Scholar]
  122. WeiY. HuJ. ZhouQ. WangJ. LiuP. WeiY. Application of co- expressed genes to articular cartilage: New hope for the treatment of osteoarthritis (Review).Mol. Med. Rep.201261161810.3892/mmr.2012.85922484373
     [Google Scholar]
  123. ZhuM. ZhaoB. WeiL. WangS. Alpha-2-macroglobulin, a native and powerful proteinase inhibitor, prevents cartilage degeneration disease by inhibiting majority of catabolic enzymes and cytokines.Curr. Mol. Biol. Rep.2021711710.1007/s40610‑020‑00142‑z
     [Google Scholar]
  124. LehmannG.L. GinsbergM. NolanD.J. RodríguezC. Martínez-GonzálezJ. ZengS. VoigtA.P. MullinsR.F. RafiiS. Rodriguez-BoulanE. BenedictoI. Retinal pigment epithelium-secreted VEGF-A induces alpha-2-macroglobulin expression in endothelial cells.Cells20221119297510.3390/cells1119297536230937
     [Google Scholar]
  125. MadryH. CucchiariniM. Advances and challenges in gene-based approaches for osteoarthritis.J. Gene Med.2013151034335510.1002/jgm.274124006099
     [Google Scholar]
  126. BardsleyK. KwarciakA. FreemanC. BrookI. HattonP. CrawfordA. Repair of bone defects in vivo using tissue engineered hypertrophic cartilage grafts produced from nasal chondrocytes.Biomaterials201711231332310.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.01427770634
     [Google Scholar]
  127. PelttariK. MummeM. BarberoA. MartinI. Nasal chondrocytes as a neural crest-derived cell source for regenerative medicine.Curr. Opin. Biotechnol.2017471610.1016/j.copbio.2017.05.00728551498
     [Google Scholar]
  128. TrengoveA. Di BellaC. O’ConnorA.J. The challenge of cartilage integration: Understanding a major barrier to chondral repair.Tissue Eng. Part B Rev.202228111412810.1089/ten.teb.2020.024433307976
     [Google Scholar]
  129. ChengA. SchwartzZ. KahnA. LiX. ShaoZ. SunM. AoY. BoyanB.D. ChenH. Advances in porous scaffold design for bone and cartilage tissue engineering and regeneration.Tissue Eng. Part B Rev.2019251142910.1089/ten.teb.2018.011930079807
     [Google Scholar]
  130. MummeM. WixmertenA. IvkovicA. Engineered cartilage from nasal chondrocytes for knee repair: Clinical relevance of tissue maturation in a randomized, multicenter phase 2 trial.SSRN202410.2139/ssrn.4797651
     [Google Scholar]
  131. TeschR.S. TakamoriE.R. MenezesK. CariasR.B.V. RebelattoC.L.K. SenegagliaA.C. DagaD.R. FracaroL. RobertA.W. PinheiroC.B.R. AguiarM.F. BlancoP.J. Zilvese.g. BrofmanP.R.S. BorojevicR. Nasal septum-derived chondroprogenitor cells control mandibular condylar resorption consequent to orthognathic surgery: A clinical trial.Stem Cells Transl. Med.202413759360510.1093/stcltm/szae02638606986
     [Google Scholar]
  132. Goldberg-BockhornE. SchwarzS. SubediR. ElsässerA. RieplR. WaltherP. KörberL. BreiterR. StockK. RotterN. Laser surface modification of decellularized extracellular cartilage matrix for cartilage tissue engineering.Lasers Med. Sci.201833237538410.1007/s10103‑017‑2402‑829209868
     [Google Scholar]
  133. LaiY. ZhengW. QuM. XiaoC.C. ChenS. YaoQ. GongW. TaoC. YanQ. ZhangP. WuX. XiaoG. Kindlin-2 loss in condylar chondrocytes causes spontaneous osteoarthritic lesions in the temporomandibular joint in mice.Int. J. Oral Sci.20221413310.1038/s41368‑022‑00185‑135788130
     [Google Scholar]
  134. MaepaM. RazwinaniM. MotaungS. Effects of resveratrol on collagen type II protein in the superficial and middle zone chondrocytes of porcine articular cartilage.J. Ethnopharmacol.2016178253310.1016/j.jep.2015.11.04726647105
     [Google Scholar]
  135. XieT. ZhuF. ChengR. GaoJ. HongY. DengP. LiuC. XuY. FLRT2 mediates chondrogenesis of nasal septal cartilage and mandibular condyle cartilage.Open Med.20241912024090210.1515/med‑2024‑090238584835
     [Google Scholar]
  136. HamiltonN.J. KananiM. RoebuckD.J. HewittR.J. CettoR. Culme-SeymourE.J. TollE. BatesA.J. ComerfordA.P. McLarenC.A. ButlerC.R. CrowleyC. McIntyreD. SebireN.J. JanesS.M. O’CallaghanC. MasonC. De CoppiP. LowdellM.W. ElliottM.J. BirchallM.A. Tissue-engineered tracheal replacement in a child: A 4-year follow-up study.Am. J. Transplant.201515102750275710.1111/ajt.1331826037782
     [Google Scholar]
  137. GreaneyA.M. NiklasonL.E. The history of engineered tracheal replacements: Interpreting the past and guiding the future.Tissue Eng. Part B Rev.202127434135210.1089/ten.teb.2020.023833045942
     [Google Scholar]
  138. GraceffaV. VinatierC. GuicheuxJ. StoddartM. AliniM. ZeugolisD.I. Chasing chimeras – The elusive stable chondrogenic phenotype.Biomaterials201919219922510.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.11.01430453216
     [Google Scholar]
  139. PelttariK. PippengerB. MummeM. FelicianoS. ScottiC. Mainil-VarletP. ProcinoA. von RechenbergB. SchwambornT. JakobM. CilloC. BarberoA. MartinI. Adult human neural crest–derived cells for articular cartilage repair.Sci. Transl. Med.20146251251ra11910.1126/scitranslmed.300968825163479
     [Google Scholar]
  140. MennanC. GarciaJ. McCarthyH. OwenS. PerryJ. WrightK. BanerjeeR. RichardsonJ.B. RobertsS. Human articular chondrocytes retain their phenotype in sustained hypoxia while normoxia promotes their immunomodulatory potential.Cartilage201910446747910.1177/194760351876971429671342
     [Google Scholar]
  141. TwuC.W. ReutherM.S. BriggsK.K. SahR.L. MasudaK. WatsonD. Effect of oxygen tension on tissue-engineered human nasal septal chondrocytes.Allergy Rhinol.201453ar.2014.5.009710.2500/ar.2014.5.009725565047
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/crr/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434
Loading
Nasal Chondrocytes Intensively Invade and Repair Pathologically Altered Cartilage Through Intrinsic Genomic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review
Curr. Rheumatol. Rev. 22, 60 (2026); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434
/content/journals/crr/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434
/content/journals/crr/10.2174/0115733971359145250329194434
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): Articular chondrocytes; cartilage; cell therapy; nasal chondrocytes, osteoarthritis; regenerative medicine

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test