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image of Association between Small for Gestational Age and Attention-deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Introduction

This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to assess whether neonates born small for gestational age (SGA) have an increased risk of developing Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

In order to identify relevant studies examining the association between neonates born SGA and ADHD in children, we conducted comprehensive searches across major databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The meta-analysis employed a random-effects model, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies.

Results

A total of 13 records, comprising a sample population of 12,610,162, were included. The pooled estimates of Relative Risk (RR) and Odds Ratio (OR) showed a significant association between SGA neonates and ADHD in children, with RR = 1.35 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.50) and OR = 1.29 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.55). While no significant association was found between SGA and the risk of ADHD in case-control studies (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.73, =0.000, I2=97.0%), a significant association was observed in cohort studies (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.31, =0.665, I2=0.0%). Cohort study results demonstrated homogeneity (I2=0.0%).

Discussion

This novel meta-analysis reveals a significant association between neonates born SGA and an increased risk of ADHD. Although considerable heterogeneity was observed, subgroup analysis confirmed SGA as a discernible risk factor.

Conclusion

The present meta-analysis showed that being born SGA is a risk factor for developing ADHD.

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2025-09-02
2025-10-30

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Association between Small for Gestational Age and Attention-deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0126660822383214250824093821
/content/journals/cprr/10.2174/0126660822383214250824093821
/content/journals/cprr/10.2174/0126660822383214250824093821
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: risk factor ; meta-analysis ; small for gestational age ; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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