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image of Pain Alleviation through Rag Bhairavi (15dB, Flute): Activation of the Hypothalamus-pituitary Axis and β-endorphin–cAMP Pathway in Swiss Albino Mice

Abstract

Objectives

Music, as a form of entertainment, has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety by stimulating the release of various neurotransmitters. β-Endorphin, a natural pain-relieving peptide released in response to noxious stimuli, alleviates pain by inhibiting cyclic AMP (cAMP) through the activation of the µ-opioid receptor. This study aims to explore the anti-nociceptive effects of pain alleviation through music and investigate its potential underlying mechanisms using different pain models.

Methods

The anti-nociceptive efficacy of pain alleviation through music, specifically Rag Bhairavi played on the flute at 15 dB (RBM), was evaluated in Swiss albino mice, alongside paracetamol (100 mg/kg) as a standard analgesic control. Both central and peripheral pain models were employed to assess the effects of RBM on pain. Additionally, the influence of RBM on non-painful stimuli was examined. To investigate the correlation between RBM and neurotransmitter levels (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and β-endorphin), brain homogenates from treated animals were analyzed. The potential mechanism of pain reduction was further explored through Western blot analysis, focusing on cytosolic cAMP levels.

Results

Pain alleviation through music with RBM significantly elevated the levels of key neurotransmitters in the brain. Moreover, western blot analysis revealed a marked reduction in cAMP levels in the RBM-treated group compared to the pain-induced group. These findings suggest that RBM exerts its pain-relieving effects by enhancing the release of hypothalamic-pituitary neurochemicals, particularly β-endorphin, and reducing cAMP levels through activation of the µ-opioid receptor.

Conclusion

The study concludes that Rag Bhairavi pain alleviation through music exhibits significant anti-nociceptive properties, likely mediated by an increase in neurochemical levels and inhibition of cAMP β-endorphin-dependent activation of the µ-opioid receptor.

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2025-04-29
2025-09-10

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Pain Alleviation through Rag Bhairavi (15dB, Flute): Activation of the Hypothalamus-pituitary Axis and β-endorphin–cAMP Pathway in Swiss Albino Mice
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0126660822370783250419170417
/content/journals/cprr/10.2174/0126660822370783250419170417
/content/journals/cprr/10.2174/0126660822370783250419170417
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  • Article Type:     Research Article
Keywords: nor-adrenaline ; Rag bhairavi music ; 5-hydroxytrptamine ; β-endorphin ; dopamine

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