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image of Chemical and Strategic Approaches to Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance and Preserving Antibiotic Efficacy: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health challenge that poses a significant threat to public health, healthcare systems, and socioeconomic stability. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics, along with environmental factors, have accelerated the development of resistance in key antibiotic classes, including penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines. Despite advancements in antibiotic discovery, the rise of resistant microorganisms continues to jeopardize the efficacy of life-saving treatments. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of AMR, focusing on its sources, mechanisms, and impacts. Specific objectives include exploring the historical supremacy of antibiotics, reviewing 10 FDA-approved antibiotics from 2020–2024 with 23 combination therapy drugs, investigating chemical strategies against AMR, and proposing solutions to combat resistance, particularly in widely used antibiotic classes. The paper also aims to highlight the environmental influence on AMR and suggest sustainable approaches to mitigate its spread.

Methods

The study involved a detailed review of scientific literature, regulatory reports, and case studies related to AMR. Key areas analyzed include mechanisms of resistance development, chemical modifications of antibiotics, combination therapies, and environmental factors influencing AMR. Data on recently approved antibiotics (2020–2024) by the FDA were examined to assess progress in antibiotic development. Additionally, targeted strategies to overcome resistance in Penicillins, Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, and Tetracyclines were critically reviewed.

Results

Recent FDA-approved antibiotics (2020–2024) and key drug combinations have shown progress against resistant pathogens, particularly in major antibiotic classes. However, persistent misuse, environmental factors, and limited innovation continue to drive antimicrobial resistance globally. The most important and widely used chemical combinations of drugs, including Penicillin, Tetracycline, Macrolides, and Aminoglycosides, have been highlighted in this review.

Discussion

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health, healthcare systems, and socioeconomic stability, particularly in India. Advanced therapies, chemical modifications, and CRISPR-Cas9-based approaches are being explored to counteract resistance. The environmental aspect of AMR, including wastewater, soil, and pharmaceutical pollution, is also crucial. Comprehensive monitoring and stewardship programs, interdisciplinary collaboration, and evidence-based guidelines are essential for reducing the global AMR burden.

Conclusion

A multifaceted strategy combining chemical innovation, responsible use, and environmental control is essential to combat AMR. Urgent global collaboration is needed to preserve antibiotic effectiveness for future generations.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
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2025-12-18

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Chemical and Strategic Approaches to Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance and Preserving Antibiotic Efficacy: A Systematic Review
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734080389456250825102340
/content/journals/cei/10.2174/0115734080389456250825102340
/content/journals/cei/10.2174/0115734080389456250825102340
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  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: penicillin ; tetracyclines ; antibiotics ; enzymes ; combination therapy ; macrolides ; aminoglycosides ; Antimicrobial resistance ; mechanism ; environmental influence

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