Luminescence and Photophysical Properties of Benzo[a]phenothiazines - Therapeutic, Physico-Chemical, and Analytical Applications

Luminescence studies on a series of new 12H-benzo[a]phenothiazines (BPHTs), possessing potentially useful antitumor therapeutic properties, are reviewed. The electronic absorption and fluorescence spectral properties of BPHTs, as well as their triplet- and singlet- excited states luminescence quenching are reviewed. Ground-state and singlet-excited state dipole moments and solvatochromic relationships are also described for these compounds. Studies on the formation of inclusion complexes between BPHTs and cyclodextrins (CDs), including CD-enhanced fluorescence, and thermodynamic constants and molecular geometry of these complexes, are discussed. The BPHTs antitumor properties in relation to their π-electron density, and the physico-chemical and analytical applications based on their fluorescence and photophysical properties are also presented. This review article is based on selected literature data published in the last ten years (1993-2004).