Skip to content
2000
Volume 20, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 1574-8863
  • E-ISSN: 2212-3911

Abstract

Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is defined by the persistent use of opioids despite adverse consequences. It is associated with increased mortality and a variety of mental and general medical comorbidities. Risk factors include younger age, male sex, lower educational attainment, lower income, and psychiatric disorders, such as other substance use disorders and mood disorders. Genetics also play a role in susceptibility to opioid use disorders. Long-term self-efficacy in opioid use for non-medical purposes suggests irreversible opioid use disorders.

To evaluate the current understanding of opioid use disorders, the limitations in existing treatment approaches were examined, and strategies to improve outcomes through expanded treatment access and personalized care interventions were identified.

An analysis was carried out regarding the role of existing pharmacological treatments, barriers within the care cascade, and potential advancements in healthcare delivery and innovation was carried out to address opioid use disorders. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted by searching electronic databases (., PubMed, Scopus) for articles published over the past 20-25 years. Relevant studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, focusing on OUD risk factors, pharmacological treatments, barriers in the care cascade, and strategies for improving care. The selection process prioritized systematic reviews, clinical trials, and key guidelines.

Although medications for opioid use disorders are effective, their impact is hindered by systemic issues at multiple levels of care. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive efforts, including professional training, innovative treatments, and healthcare reforms to expand access and personalize care.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cds/10.2174/0115748863357891250213094516
2025-02-20
2025-10-15

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cds/10.2174/0115748863357891250213094516
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. PortenoyR.K. PayneR. PassikS.K. Acute and Chronic Pain.In: Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook.Lippincott Williams and Wilkins2004863904
     [Google Scholar]
  2. FieldM.J. CasselC.K. Approaching death: Improving care at the end of life.Washington, DCNational Academy Press1997
     [Google Scholar]
  3. SchnollS.H. WeaverM.F. Addiction and pain.Am. J. Addict.2003122S27S3510.1080/10550490390210218 12857661
     [Google Scholar]
  4. PortenoyR.K. LesageP. Management of cancer pain.Lancet199935391651695170010.1016/S0140‑6736(99)01310‑0 10335806
     [Google Scholar]
  5. BreitbartW. PassikS. McDonaldM.V. Patient-related barriers to pain management in ambulatory AIDS patients.Pain199876191610.1016/S0304‑3959(98)00018‑9 9696454
     [Google Scholar]
  6. SmithW.R. PenberthyL.T. BovbjergV.E. Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease.Ann. Intern. Med.200814829410110.7326/0003‑4819‑148‑2‑200801150‑00004 18195334
     [Google Scholar]
  7. BallantyneJ.C. LaForgeS.K. Opioid dependence and addiction during opioid treatment of chronic pain.Pain2007129323525510.1016/j.pain.2007.03.028 17482363
     [Google Scholar]
  8. StreltzerJ. JohansenL. Prescription drug dependence and evolving beliefs about chronic pain management.Am. J. Psychiatry2006163459459810.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.594 16585432
     [Google Scholar]
  9. StreltzerJ. KostenT.R. Methadone maintenance therapy and chronic pain.JAMA2003290182403240410.1001/jama.290.18.2403‑a 14612466
     [Google Scholar]
  10. VallersnesO.M. JacobsenD. EkebergØ. BrekkeM. Mortality, morbidity and follow-up after acute poisoning by substances of abuse: A prospective observational cohort study.Scand. J. Public Health201947445246110.1177/1403494818779955 29886813
     [Google Scholar]
  11. GambleJ. O’LawrenceH. An overview of the efficacy of the 12-step group therapy for substance abuse treatment.J. Health Hum. Serv. Adm.201639114115910.1177/107937391603900108 27483978
     [Google Scholar]
  12. GondwalR. AvinashP. VictorR. Dharuvika. The missing link between opioid use disorder and seizures during opioid withdrawal: A case series from North India.Indian J. Psychol. Med.2024461818410.1177/02537176231167080 38524948
     [Google Scholar]
  13. BhawalkarJ. SarafA. MalikM.M. The opioid crisis, preventing and managing substance abuse in India: A systematic review.Cureus20241610e7060010.7759/cureus.70600 39483538
     [Google Scholar]
  14. BratG.A. AgnielD. BeamA. Postsurgical prescriptions for opioid naive patients and association with overdose and misuse: Retrospective cohort study.BMJ2018360j579010.1136/bmj.j5790 29343479
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Opioid use disorder diagnostic criteria.Available from: http://pcssmat.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/5B-DSM-5-Opioid-Use-Disorder-Diagnostic-Criteria.pdf
  16. DickD.M. AgrawalA. The genetics of alcohol and other drug dependence.Alcohol Res. Health2008312111118 23584813
     [Google Scholar]
  17. GoodmanC.C. SnyderT.E.K. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral.5th edSt. Louis, MOSaunders/Elsevier20134951
     [Google Scholar]
  18. SharmaB. BrunerA. BarnettG. FishmanM. Opioid use disorders.Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am.201625347348710.1016/j.chc.2016.03.002 27338968
     [Google Scholar]
  19. MistryC. BaworM. DesaiD. MarshD. SamaanZ. Genetics of opioid dependence: A review of the genetic contribution to opioid dependence.Curr. Psychiatry Rev.201410215616710.2174/1573400510666140320000928 25242908
     [Google Scholar]
  20. TheisenK. JacobsB. MacleodL. DaviesB. The United States opioid epidemic: A review of the surgeon’s contribution to it and health policy initiatives.BJU Int.2018122575475910.1111/bju.14446 29896932
     [Google Scholar]
  21. BlumK. JacobsW. ModestinoE.J. Insurance companies fighting the peer review empire without any validity: The case for addiction and pain modalities in the face of an American Drug Epidemic.SEJ Surg Pain201811111 29911684
     [Google Scholar]
  22. JonesC.M. EinsteinE.B. ComptonW.M. Changes in Synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010-2016.JAMA2018319171819182110.1001/jama.2018.2844 29715347
     [Google Scholar]
  23. HøjstedJ. SjøgrenP. Addiction to opioids in chronic pain patients: A literature review.Eur. J. Pain200711549051810.1016/j.ejpain.2006.08.004 17070082
     [Google Scholar]
  24. RosenbloomJ.M. BurnsS.M. KimE. AugustD.A. OrtizV.E. HouleT.T. Race/ethnicity and sex and opioid administration in the emergency room.Anesth. Analg.201912851005101210.1213/ANE.0000000000003517 29863607
     [Google Scholar]
  25. BernsteinM.H. McSheffreyS.N. van den BergJ.J. The association between impulsivity and alcohol/drug use among prison inmates.Addict. Behav.20154214014310.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.016 25462662
     [Google Scholar]
  26. KollasC.D. RuizK. LaughlinA. Effectiveness of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain in an outpatient palliative medicine clinic.J. Palliat. Med.2024271313810.1089/jpm.2023.0251 37552851
     [Google Scholar]
  27. KissinI. Long-term opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain: Unproven efficacy and neglected safety?J. Pain Res.2013651352910.2147/JPR.S47182 23874119
     [Google Scholar]
  28. BloodworthD. Opioids in the treatment of chronic pain: Legal framework and therapeutic indications and limitations.Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am.200617235537910.1016/j.pmr.2005.12.001 16616272
     [Google Scholar]
  29. PinkertonR. HardyJ.R. Opioid addiction and misuse in adult and adolescent patients with cancer.Intern. Med. J.201747663263610.1111/imj.13449 28580748
     [Google Scholar]
  30. CamíJ. FarréM. Drug addiction.N. Engl. J. Med.20033491097598610.1056/NEJMra023160 12954747
     [Google Scholar]
  31. ReisineT. PasternakG. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. HardmanJ.G. GilmanA. LimbirdL.E. Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th.New YorkMcGraw-Hill1996521
     [Google Scholar]
  32. WayW.L. WayE.L. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. KatzungB.G. Basic and Clinical pharmacology.Norwalk, CTAppleton & Lange1989368
     [Google Scholar]
  33. WatsonS.J. AkilH. KhachaturianH. Opioid systems: Anatomical, physiological and clinical perspectives. HughesJ. CollierH.O. RanceM.J. TyersM.B. Opioids Past, Present and Future.LondonTaylor & Francis1984145
     [Google Scholar]
  34. CandiottiK.A. BirnbachD.J. LubarskyD.A. The impact of pharmacogenomics on postoperative nausea and vomiting: do CYP2D6 allele copy number and polymorphisms affect the success or failure of ondansetron prophylaxis?Anesthesiology2005102354354910.1097/00000542‑200503000‑00011
     [Google Scholar]
  35. ZhaoJ. CaiS. ZhangL. RaoY. KangX. FengZ. Progress, challenges, and prospects of research on the effect of gene polymorphisms on adverse reactions to opioids.Pain Ther.202211239540910.1007/s40122‑022‑00374‑0 35429333
     [Google Scholar]
  36. YangY. ZhangX. WangY. XiH. XuM. ZhengL. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict the pharmacokinetics of codeine in different CYP2D6 phenotypes.Front. Pharmacol.202415134251510.3389/fphar.2024.1342515 38756374
     [Google Scholar]
  37. McNeelyJ. ClelandC.M. StraussS.M. PalamarJ.J. RotrosenJ. SaitzR. Validation of self-administered Single-Item Screening Questions (SISQs) for unhealthy alcohol and drug use in primary care patients.J. Gen. Intern. Med.201530121757176410.1007/s11606‑015‑3391‑6 25986138
     [Google Scholar]
  38. JohnW.S. ZhuH. MannelliP. SchwartzR.P. SubramaniamG.A. WuL.T. Prevalence, patterns, and correlates of multiple substance use disorders among adult primary care patients.Drug Alcohol Depend.2018187798710.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.035 29635217
     [Google Scholar]
  39. OberA.J. WatkinsK.E. McCulloughC.M. SetodjiC.M. OsillaK. HunterS.B. Patient predictors of substance use disorder treatment initiation in primary care.J. Subst. Abuse Treat.201890647210.1016/j.jsat.2018.04.004 29866385
     [Google Scholar]
  40. JohnsonR. StrainE.C. AmassL. Buprenorphine: How to use it right.Drug Alcohol Depend.2003702Suppl.S59S7710.1016/S0376‑8716(03)00060‑7 12738351
     [Google Scholar]
  41. LeFevreM.L. Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Ann. Intern. Med.20141611586610.7326/M14‑1018 24863637
     [Google Scholar]
  42. MoyerV.A. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Ann. Intern. Med.2013159534935710.7326/0003‑4819‑159‑5‑201309030‑00672 23798026
     [Google Scholar]
  43. MeyerhoffD.J. Structural neuroimaging in polysubstance users.Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci.201713131810.1016/j.cobeha.2016.07.006 28094824
     [Google Scholar]
  44. DowellD. HaegerichT.M. ChouR. CDC Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain — United States, 2016.MMWR Recomm. Rep.201665114910.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1 26987082
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Our commitment to fight opioid abuse.Available from: https://www.cvshealth.com/impact/healthy-community/our-opioid-response.html#:~:text=A%20commitment%20from%20our%20Company,important%20priority%20of%20CVS%20Health
  46. Combat opioid abuse | Walgreens2018Available from: https://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/combat_opioid_abuse.jsphttps://www.walgreens.com/topic/pharmacy/combat_opioid_abuse.jsp
  47. Prevent opioid use disorder: Drug overdose. 2018.2018Available from: www.cdc.gov
  48. Naloxone. Human Metabolome Database: Version 4.0.2017Available from: https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015314
  49. Naloxone for treatment of opioid overdoseAvailable from: https://www.bexar.org/DocumentCenter/View/13675/Naloxone-for-Treatment-of-Opioid-Overdose-Breifing-Material-PDF
  50. WheelerE. JonesT.S. GilbertM.K. Opioid overdose prevention programs providing Naloxone to Laypersons - United States.MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.6423631 26086633
     [Google Scholar]
  51. ChildsR. Law enforcement and naloxone utilization in the United States.2015Available from: https://bjatta.bja.ojp.gov/naloxone/law-enforcement-and-naloxone-utilization-united-states
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Case studies: Standing ordersAvailable from: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/training-drug-users-and-bystanders-treat-overdose-saves-lives
  53. SchuckitM.A. Treatment of opioid-use disorders.N. Engl. J. Med.2016375435736810.1056/NEJMra1604339 27464203
     [Google Scholar]
  54. MadrasB.K. The president’s commission on combating drug addiction and the opioid crisis: Origins and recommendations.Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.2018103694394510.1002/cpt.1050 29570781
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Naloxone opioid overdose reversal medicationAvailable from: https://www.cvshealth.com/news/community/naloxone-opioid-overdose-reversal-medication.html
  56. Fals-StewartW. O’FarrellT.J. Behavioral family counseling and naltrexone for male opioid-dependent patients.J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.200371343244210.1037/0022‑006X.71.3.432 12795568
     [Google Scholar]
  57. GossopM. StewartD. MarsdenJ. Attendance at Narcotics Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, frequency of attendance and substance use outcomes after residential treatment for drug dependence: A 5‐year follow‐up study.Addiction2008103111912510.1111/j.1360‑0443.2007.02050.x 18028521
     [Google Scholar]
  58. GalanterM. Combining medically assisted treatment and Twelve-Step programming: A perspective and review.Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse201844215115910.1080/00952990.2017.1306747 28387530
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Fals-StewartW. O’FarrellT.J. BirchlerG.R. Behavioral couples therapy for substance abuse: Rationale, methods, and findings.Sci. Pract. Perspect.200422304110.1151/spp042230 18552731
     [Google Scholar]
  60. MeyersR.J. MillerW.R. HillD.E. ToniganJ.S. Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT): Engaging unmotivated drug users in treatment.J. Subst. Abuse199810329130810.1016/S0899‑3289(99)00003‑6 10689661
     [Google Scholar]
  61. MobergK. The role of managed care professionals and pharmacists in combating opioid abuse.Am. J. Manag. Care20182410Suppl.S215S223 29851451
     [Google Scholar]
  62. SzalavitzM. RiggK.K. The curious (Dis)Connection between the opioid epidemic and crime.Subst. Use Misuse201752141927193110.1080/10826084.2017.1376685 28952839
     [Google Scholar]
  63. FiellinD.A. BarryD.T. SullivanL.E. A randomized trial of cognitive behavioral therapy in primary care-based buprenorphine.Am. J. Med.2013126174.e1174.e1710.1016/j.amjmed.2012.07.005 23260506
     [Google Scholar]
  64. StrainE.C. StitzerM.L. LiebsonI.A. BigelowG.E. Dose-response effects of methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence.Ann. Intern. Med.19931191232710.7326/0003‑4819‑119‑1‑199307010‑00004 8498759
     [Google Scholar]
  65. KampmanK. JarvisM. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) National Practice guideline for the use of medications in the treatment of addiction involving opioid use.J. Addict. Med.20159535836710.1097/ADM.0000000000000166 26406300
     [Google Scholar]
  66. MancherM. LeshnerI. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives. Washington.National Academies Press (US)2019
     [Google Scholar]
  67. LeeJ.D. NunesE.V.Jr NovoP. Comparative effectiveness of extended-release naltrexone versus buprenorphine-naloxone for opioid relapse prevention (X:BOT): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.Lancet20183911011830931810.1016/S0140‑6736(17)32812‑X 29150198
     [Google Scholar]
  68. TanumL. SolliK.K. LatifZ.E. Effectiveness of injectable extended-release Naltrexone vs Daily Buprenorphine-Naloxone for opioid dependence: A Randomized clinical noninferiority trial.JAMA Psychiatry2018755530 29049469
     [Google Scholar]
  69. GibsonA. DegenhardtL. MattickR.P. AliR. WhiteJ. O’BrienS. Exposure to opioid maintenance treatment reduces long-term mortality.Addiction2008103346246810.1111/j.1360‑0443.2007.02090.x 18190664
     [Google Scholar]
  70. FaggianoF. Vigna-TagliantiF. VersinoE. LemmaP. Methadone maintenance at different dosages for opioid dependence.Cochrane Libr.20033CD00220810.1002/14651858.CD002208 12917925
     [Google Scholar]
  71. JohnsonR.E. ChutuapeM.A. StrainE.C. WalshS.L. StitzerM.L. BigelowG.E. A comparison of levomethadyl acetate, buprenorphine, and methadone for opioid dependence.N. Engl. J. Med.2000343181290129710.1056/NEJM200011023431802 11058673
     [Google Scholar]
  72. KakkoJ. SvanborgK.D. KreekM.J. HeiligM. 1-year retention and social function after buprenorphine-assisted relapse prevention treatment for heroin dependence in Sweden: A randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet2003361935866266810.1016/S0140‑6736(03)12600‑1 12606177
     [Google Scholar]
  73. MattickR.P. KimberJ. BreenC. DavoliM. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.20043CD00220710.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub2 15266465
     [Google Scholar]
  74. MaJ. BaoY.P. WangR.J. Effects of medication-assisted treatment on mortality among opioids users: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Mol. Psychiatry201924121868188310.1038/s41380‑018‑0094‑5 29934549
     [Google Scholar]
  75. KakkoJ. HeiligM. SarmanI. Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: Comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series.Drug Alcohol Depend.2008961-2697810.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.025 18355989
     [Google Scholar]
  76. SenayE.C. DorusW. GoldbergF. ThorntonW. Withdrawal from methadone maintenance. Rate of withdrawal and expectation.Arch. Gen. Psychiatry197734336136710.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770150119014 843188
     [Google Scholar]
  77. MinozziS. AmatoL. VecchiS. DavoliM. KirchmayerU. VersterA. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence.Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.20112CD001333 21328250
     [Google Scholar]
  78. EdelmanE.J. OldfieldB.J. TetraultJ.M. Office-based addiction treatment in primary care.Med. Clin. North Am.2018102463565210.1016/j.mcna.2018.02.007 29933820
     [Google Scholar]
  79. FudalaP.J. BridgeT.P. HerbertS. Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone.N. Engl. J. Med.20033491094995810.1056/NEJMoa022164 12954743
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Rahimi-MovagharA. GholamiJ. AmatoL. HoseinieL. Yousefi-NooraieR. Amin-EsmaeiliM. Pharmacological therapies for management of opium withdrawal.Cochrane Libr.201820186CD00752210.1002/14651858.CD007522.pub2
     [Google Scholar]
  81. WakemanS.E. Harm reduction approaches for opioid use disorder. KellyJ.F. WakemanS. Treating Opioid Addiction.Springer Science Press201910.1007/978‑3‑030‑16257‑3_8
     [Google Scholar]
  82. CoffinP.O. BeharE. RoweC. Nonrandomized Intervention study of Naloxone coprescription for primary care patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain.Ann. Intern. Med.2016165424525210.7326/M15‑2771 27366987
     [Google Scholar]
  83. PhillipsJk. FordM.A. BonnieR.J. Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use.In: Washington, DCAcademies Press2017
     [Google Scholar]
  84. SordoL. BarrioG. BravoM.J. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.BMJ2017357j155010.1136/bmj.j1550 28446428
     [Google Scholar]
  85. FullertonC.A. KimM. ThomasC.P. Medication-assisted treatment with methadone: Assessing the evidence.Psychiatr. Serv.201465214615710.1176/appi.ps.201300235 24248468
     [Google Scholar]
  86. SorensenJ.L. CopelandA.L. Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: A review.Drug Alcohol Depend.2000591173110.1016/S0376‑8716(99)00104‑0 10706972
     [Google Scholar]
  87. GandhiD.H. JaffeJ.H. McNaryS. KavanaghG.J. HayesM. CurrensM. Short‐term outcomes after brief ambulatory opioid detoxification with buprenorphine in young heroin users.Addiction200398445346210.1046/j.1360‑0443.2003.00334.x 12653815
     [Google Scholar]
  88. BondC. LaForgeK.S. TianM. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters β-endorphin binding and activity: Possible implications for opiate addiction.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA199895169608961310.1073/pnas.95.16.9608 9689128
     [Google Scholar]
  89. BartG. HeiligM. LaForgeK.S. Substantial attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with heroin addiction in central Sweden.Mol. Psychiatry20049654754910.1038/sj.mp.4001504 15037869
     [Google Scholar]
  90. BartG. KreekM.J. OttJ. Increased attributable risk related to a functional mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism in association with alcohol dependence in central Sweden.Neuropsychopharmacology200530241742210.1038/sj.npp.1300598 15525999
     [Google Scholar]
  91. WandG. McCaulM. YangX. The mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (A118G) alters HPA axis activation induced by opioid receptor blockade.Neuropsychopharmacology200226110611410.1016/S0893‑133X(01)00294‑9 11751037
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Hernandez-AvilaC.A. WandG. LuoX. GelernterJ. KranzlerH.R. Association between the cortisol response to opioid blockade and the Asn40Asp polymorphism at the μ-opioid receptor locus (OPRM1).Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet.2003118B1606510.1002/ajmg.b.10054 12627468
     [Google Scholar]
  93. DucatE. RayB. BartG. Mu-opioid receptor A118G polymorphism in healthy volunteers affects hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis adrenocorticotropic hormone stress response to metyrapone.Addict. Biol.201318232533110.1111/j.1369‑1600.2011.00313.x 21507151
     [Google Scholar]
  94. ZhangY. PicettiR. ButelmanE.R. HoA. BlendyJ.A. KreekM.J. Mouse model of the OPRM1 (A118G) polymorphism: Differential heroin self-administration behavior compared with wild-type mice.Neuropsychopharmacology2015405109110.1038/npp.2014.286
     [Google Scholar]
  95. CristR.C. ReinerB.C. BerrettiniW.H. A review of opioid addiction genetics.Curr. Opin. Psychol.201927313510.1016/j.copsyc.2018.07.014 30118972
     [Google Scholar]
  96. LevranO. PelesE. HamonS. RandesiM. AdelsonM. KreekM.J. CYP2B6 SNPs are associated with methadone dose required for effective treatment of opioid addiction.Addict. Biol.201318470971610.1111/j.1369‑1600.2011.00349.x 21790905
     [Google Scholar]
  97. LevranO. O’HaraK. PelesE. ABCB1 (MDR1) genetic variants are associated with methadone doses required for effective treatment of heroin dependence.Hum. Mol. Genet.200817142219222710.1093/hmg/ddn122 18424454
     [Google Scholar]
  98. OertelB.G. SchmidtR. SchneiderA. GeisslingerG. LötschJ. The μ-opioid receptor gene polymorphism 118A>G depletes alfentanil-induced analgesia and protects against respiratory depression in homozygous carriers.Pharmacogenet. Genomics200616962563610.1097/01.fpc.0000220566.90466.a2 16906017
     [Google Scholar]
  99. SalsitzE.A. Chronic pain, chronic opioid addiction: A complex nexus.J. Med. Toxicol.2016121545710.1007/s13181‑015‑0521‑9 26602212
     [Google Scholar]
  100. JuurlinkD.N. DhallaI.A. Dependence and addiction during chronic opioid therapy.J. Med. Toxicol.20128439339910.1007/s13181‑012‑0269‑4 23073725
     [Google Scholar]
  101. RouaultM. NielsenD.A. HoA. KreekM.J. YuferovV. Cell-specific effects of variants of the 68-base pair tandem repeat on prodynorphin gene promoter activity.Addict. Biol.201116233434610.1111/j.1369‑1600.2010.00248.x 20731629
     [Google Scholar]
  102. YuferovV. RandesiM. ButelmanE.R. Association of variants of prodynorphin promoter 68-bp repeats in caucasians with opioid dependence diagnosis: Effect on age trajectory of heroin use.Neurosci. Lett.201970410010510.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.038 30936032
     [Google Scholar]
  103. RayR. DoyleG.A. CrowleyJ.J. A functional prodynorphin promoter polymorphism and opioid dependence.Psychiatr. Genet.200515429529810.1097/00041444‑200512000‑00013 16314761
     [Google Scholar]
  104. WilliamsT.J. LaForgeK.S. GordonD. GENETIC STUDY: Prodynorphin gene promoter repeat associated with cocaine/alcohol codependence.Addict. Biol.2007123-449650210.1111/j.1369‑1600.2007.00069.x 17559549
     [Google Scholar]
  105. Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed SettingsGeneva: World Health Organization2009
  106. HserY.I. MooneyL.J. SaxonA.J. High mortality among patients with opioid use disorder in a large healthcare system.J. Addict. Med.201711431531910.1097/ADM.0000000000000312 28426439
     [Google Scholar]
  107. ParkK. OtteA. Prevention of opioid abuse and treatment of opioid addiction: Current status and future possibilities.Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.2019211618410.1146/annurev‑bioeng‑060418‑052155 30786212
     [Google Scholar]
  108. GriffinP.M. Engineering approaches for addressing opioid use disorder in the community.Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.202022120722910.1146/annurev‑bioeng‑082719‑040832 32255677
     [Google Scholar]
  109. WangS.C. ChenY.C. LeeC.H. ChengC.M. Opioid addiction, genetic susceptibility, and medical treatments: A review.Int. J. Mol. Sci.20192017429410.3390/ijms20174294 31480739
     [Google Scholar]
  110. NuamahJ. MehtaR. SasangoharF. Technologies for opioid use disorder management: Mobile app search and scoping review.JMIR Mhealth Uhealth202086e1575210.2196/15752 32501273
     [Google Scholar]
  111. RohinM.A. BaigA.A. RidzwanN. Abd HadiN. Nanotechnology-based delivery of non-opioid therapy for opioid addiction.In: Handbook of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals.CRC Press202214918210.1201/9781003244721‑7
     [Google Scholar]
  112. RohinM.A. BaigA.A. RidzwanN. Abd HadiN. Nanotechnology-based delivery of non-opioid therapy for opioid addiction. In: Handbook of Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals.CRC Press Nov 212022149182
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/cds/10.2174/0115748863357891250213094516
Loading
Opioid Use Disorders: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies to Mitigate Addiction Risks
Curr Drug Saf 20, 450 (2025); https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748863357891250213094516
/content/journals/cds/10.2174/0115748863357891250213094516
/content/journals/cds/10.2174/0115748863357891250213094516
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keyword(s): addiction; buprenorphine; morphine receptor; naltrexone; Opioid; pharmacological treatments

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test