Skip to content
2000
image of Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology-Driven Strategies for Diagnosis and Therapy of Ocular Diseases

Abstract

The eye is one of the primary structures of the body that allows perception of the entire world. A person’s activities rely entirely on having good vision, and any diseases or problems encountered with vision create a troublesome condition in life. Ocular delivery can potentially treat numerous eye-related disease conditions. The diseases that affect the eyes include glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, cataracts, conjunctivitis, diabetic retinopathy, keratitis, uveitis, Endophthalmitis, allergies, and others. The conventional dosage forms (eye drops, ointment) pose numerous challenges in treating ocular infections owing to their complex nature and several barriers. Recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning provide a preliminary diagnosis in the early stages of disease identification and are also useful during retinal surgery. The poor ocular penetration, low bioavailability, short retention time, and frequent administration are the limitations of conventional treatments. These limitations are easily solved with nanotechnology-driven approaches. The current state-of-the-art review explores eye physiology, barriers (precorneal, corneal epithelium, lacrimal sac, blood-ocular, and efflux protein), limitations of the conventional and nanotechnology-based delivery (Lipid-based, polymer-based, metal and inorganic NPs, vesicle-based NPs, and miscellaneous). These nanocarriers facilitate good permeation, extended retention time, augment solubility, improve bioavailability, improve patient comfort and compliance, and minimize dosage application. The nanocarriers are equally effective in treating the anterior and posterior regions of the eyes, whereas conventional ones have failed to treat them effectively. The recently approved agents and patents are elaborated on ocular drug delivery. Advancements in stem cell and gene therapy are also gaining attention for treating inherited and acquired retinal diseases.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/cdd/10.2174/0115672018383855251007175252
2025-10-21
2026-02-23

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/cdd/10.2174/0115672018383855251007175252
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Moiseev R.V. Morrison P.W.J. Steele F. Khutoryanskiy V.V. Penetration enhancers in ocular drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019 11 7 321 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070321 31324063
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Liu L.C. Chen Y.H. Lu D.W. Overview of recent advances in nano-based ocular drug delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 20 15352 10.3390/ijms242015352 37895032
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Mofidfar M. Abdi B. Ahadian S. Mostafavi E. Desai T.A. Abbasi F. Sun Y. Manche E.E. Ta C.N. Flowers C.W. Drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye: A review of current and future treatment strategies. Int. J. Pharm. 2021 607 120924 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120924 34324989
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Conrady C.D. Yeh S. A review of ocular drug delivery platforms and drugs for infectious and noninfectious uveitis: The past, present, and future. Pharmaceutics 2021 13 8 1224 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081224 34452185
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Ahmed B. Jaiswal S. Naryal S. Shah R.M. Alany R.G. Kaur I.P. In situ gelling systems for ocular drug delivery. J. Control. Release 2024 371 67 84 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.031 38768662
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Gorantla S. Rapalli V.K. Waghule T. Singh P.P. Dubey S.K. Saha R.N. Singhvi G. Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: Current status and translational opportunity. RSC Advances 2020 10 46 27835 27855 10.1039/D0RA04971A 35516960
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Raghava S. Hammond M. Kompella U.B. Periocular routes for retinal drug delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2004 1 1 99 114 10.1517/17425247.1.1.99 16296723
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Lam L.A. Mehta S. Lad E.M. Emerson G.G. Jumper J.M. Awh C.C. Intravitreal injection therapy: Current techniques and supplemental services. J. Vitreoretin. Dis. 2021 5 5 438 447 10.1177/24741264211028441 37008713
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Qi Q. Wei Y. Zhang X. Guan J. Mao S. Challenges and strategies for ocular posterior diseases therapy via non-invasive advanced drug delivery. J. Control. Release 2023 361 191 211 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.055 37532148
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ram J. Jinagal J. Gupta P.C. Pilania R.K. Systemic toxicity of topical corticosteroids. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2019 67 4 559 561 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1091_18 30900600
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Mahmoudi S. Masoomi A. Ahmadikia K. Tabatabaei S.A. Soleimani M. Rezaie S. Ghahvechian H. Banafsheafshan A. Fungal keratitis: An overview of clinical and laboratory aspects. Mycoses 2018 61 12 916 930 10.1111/myc.12822 29992633
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Putera I. Ridwan A.S. Dewi M. Cifuentes-González C. Rojas-Carabali W. Sitompul R. Edwar L. Susiyanti M. Aziza Y. Pavesio C. Chee S.P. Mahendradas P. Biswas J. Kempen J.H. Gupta V. de-la-Torre A. La Distia Nora R. Agrawal R. Antiviral treatment for acute retinal necrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surv. Ophthalmol. 2024 69 1 67 84 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.09.004 37774799
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Han J. Shu H. Zhang L. Huang S. Latest advances in hydrogel therapy for ocular diseases. Polymer (Guildf.) 2024 306 127207 10.1016/j.polymer.2024.127207
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Kailasam V. Cheruvu S.S. Malani M. Sai Kameswari S.M. Kesharwani P. Nirmal J. Recent advances in novel formulation approaches for tacrolimus delivery in treatment of various ocular diseases. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2022 78 103945 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103945
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Chandel A. Kandav G. Insights into ocular therapeutics: A comprehensive review of anatomy, barriers, diseases and nanoscale formulations for targeted drug delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2024 97 105785 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105785
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Al Yabhouni S.A. Mozumder M.S. Hassan N. Mourad A.H.I. Issa MD T.M.A.; Nanocarrier-Based, T.M.A. Nanocarrier-Based,ocular drug delivery: Challenges, prospects, and the therapeutic landscape in the United Arab Emirates. Int. J. Pharm. 2024 667 (Pt B) 124899. 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114868 37182700
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Li L. Jia F. Wang Y. Liu J. Tian Y. Sun X. Lei Y. Ji J. Trans-corneal drug delivery strategies in the treatment of ocular diseases. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2023 198 114868 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114868 37182700
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Baig M.S. Karade S.K. Ahmad A. Khan M.A. Haque A. Webster T.J. Faiyazuddin M. Al-Qahtani N.H. Lipid-based nanoparticles: Innovations in ocular drug delivery. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2024 11 1421959 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1421959 39355534
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Bisen A.C. Dubey A. Agrawal S. Biswas A. Rawat K.S. Srivastava S. Bhatta R.S. Recent updates on ocular disease management with ophthalmic ointments. Ther. Deliv. 2024 15 6 463 480 10.1080/20415990.2024.2346047 38888757
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Wu K.Y. Wang X.C. Anderson M. Tran S.D. Advancements in nanosystems for ocular drug delivery: A focus on pediatric retinoblastoma. Molecules 2024 29 10 2263 10.3390/molecules29102263 38792122
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Mohammed Y. Holmes A. Kwok P.C.L. Kumeria T. Namjoshi S. Imran M. Matteucci L. Ali M. Tai W. Benson H.A.E. Roberts M.S. Advances and future perspectives in epithelial drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2022 186 114293 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114293 35483435
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Ahmed S. Amin M.M. Sayed S. Ocular drug delivery: A comprehensive review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023 24 2 66 10.1208/s12249‑023‑02516‑9
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Subrizi A. del Amo E.M. Korzhikov-Vlakh V. Tennikova T. Ruponen M. Urtti A. Design principles of ocular drug delivery systems: Importance of drug payload, release rate, and material properties. Drug Discov. Today 2019 24 8 1446 1457 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.02.001 30738982
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Gote V. Sikder S. Sicotte J. Pal D. Ocular drug delivery: Present innovations and future challenges. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2019 370 3 602 624 10.1124/jpet.119.256933 31072813
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Souto E.B. Dias-Ferreira J. López-Machado A. Ettcheto M. Cano A. Camins Espuny A. Espina M. Garcia M.L. Sánchez-López E. Advanced formulation approaches for ocular drug delivery: State-Of-the-art and recent patents. Pharmaceutics 2019 11 9 460 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090460 31500106
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Vicente-Pascual M. Gómez-Aguado I. Rodríguez-Castejón J. Rodríguez-Gascón A. Muntoni E. Battaglia L. del Pozo-Rodríguez A. Solinís Aspiazu M.Á. Topical administration of SLN-based gene therapy for the treatment of corneal inflammation by De Novo IL-10 production. Pharmaceutics 2020 12 6 584 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060584 32586018
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Kim H.M. Woo S.J. Ocular drug delivery to the retina: Current innovations and future perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2021 13 1 108 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108 33467779
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gholizadeh S. Wang Z. Chen X. Dana R. Annabi N. Advanced nanodelivery platforms for topical ophthalmic drug delivery. Drug Discov. Today 2021 26 6 1437 1449 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.027 33689858
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Böhm E.W. Buonfiglio F. Voigt A.M. Bachmann P. Safi T. Pfeiffer N. Gericke A. Oxidative stress in the eye and its role in the pathophysiology of ocular diseases. Redox Biol. 2023 68 102967 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102967 38006824
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Dammak A. Pastrana C. Martin-Gil A. Carpena-Torres C. Peral Cerda A. Simovart M. Alarma P. Huete-Toral F. Carracedo G. Oxidative stress in the anterior ocular diseases: Diagnostic and treatment. Biomedicines 2023 11 2 292 10.3390/biomedicines11020292 36830827
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Bissell M. Fetian I. Mozaffarieh M. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of eye diseases heakthbook TIMES 2022 6 72 77 10.36000/hbT.2022.06.002
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Li Y. Yang G. Zhang J. Tang P. Yang C. Wang G. Chen J. Liu J. Zhang L. Ouyang L. Discovery, synthesis, and evaluation of highly selective vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) inhibitor for the potential treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J. Med. Chem. 2021 64 16 12022 12048 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00678 34351741
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Rangaswamy D. Nagaraju S.P. Bhojaraja M.V. Swaminathan S.M. Prabhu R.A. Rao I.R. Shenoy S.V. Ocular and systemic vascular endothelial growth factor ligand inhibitor use and nephrotoxicity: An update. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2024 56 8 2635 2644 10.1007/s11255‑024‑03990‑1 38498275
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hang A. Feldman S. Amin A.P. Ochoa J.A.R. Park S.S. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for retinal disorders. Pharmaceuticals 2023 16 8 1140 10.3390/ph16081140 37631054
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Wu Y. Li X. Fu X. Huang X. Zhang S. Zhao N. Ma X. Saiding Q. Yang M. Tao W. Zhou X. Huang J. Innovative nanotechnology in drug delivery systems for advanced treatment of posterior segment ocular diseases. Adv. Sci. 2024 11 32 2403399 10.1002/advs.202403399 39031809
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Moore A.T. Yu-Wai-Man P. Mitochondrial disorders and the eye: A new era for diagnosis. Ophthalmology 2021 128 4 632 633 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.12.032 33745530
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Chen B.S. Harvey J.P. Gilhooley M.J. Jurkute N. Yu-Wai-Man P. Mitochondria and the eye-manifestations of mitochondrial diseases and their management. Eye (Lond.) 2023 37 12 2416 2425 10.1038/s41433‑023‑02523‑x 37185957
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Caban M. Owczarek K. Lewandowska U. The role of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors on ocular diseases: Focusing on potential mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 8 4256 10.3390/ijms23084256 35457074
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Shoari A. Kanavi M.R. Rasaee M.J. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 for the treatment of dry eye syndrome; A review study. Exp. Eye Res. 2021 205 108523 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108523 33662353
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Kedar P. Bhattacharya S. Kanugo A. Prajapati B.G. Novel strategies for the treatment of lung cancer: An in-depth analysis of the use of immunotherapy, precision medicine, and Artificial Intelligence to improve prognoses. Curr. Med. Chem. 2025 32 35 7752 7776 10.2174/0109298673347323241119184648 39817387
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Zhu Y. Salowe R. Chow C. Li S. Bastani O. O’Brien J.M. Advancing glaucoma care: Integrating Artificial Intelligence in diagnosis, management, and progression detection. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024 11 2 122 10.3390/bioengineering11020122 38391608
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Waisberg E. Ong J. Kamran S.A. Masalkhi M. Paladugu P. Zaman N. Lee A.G. Tavakkoli A. Generative artificial intelligence in ophthalmology. Surv. Ophthalmol. 2025 70 1 1 11 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.04.009 38762072
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Tahmasebzadeh A. Sadeghi M. Naseripour M. Mirshahi R. Ghaderi R. Artificial intelligence and different image modalities in uveal melanoma diagnosis and prognosis: A narrative review. Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther. 2025 52 104528 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2025.104528 39986588
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Costin H.N. Fira M. Goraș L. Artificial Intelligence in ophthalmology: Advantages and limits. Appl. Sci. (Basel) 2025 15 4 1913 10.3390/app15041913
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Parmar U.P.S. Surico P.L. Singh R.B. Romano F. Salati C. Spadea L. Musa M. Gagliano C. Mori T. Zeppieri M. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for early diagnosis of retinal diseases. Medicina (B. Aires) 2024 60 4 527 10.3390/medicina60040527 38674173
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Azadi M. David A.E. Enhancing ocular drug delivery: The effect of physicochemical properties of nanoparticles on the mechanism of their uptake by human cornea epithelial cells. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2024 10 1 429 441 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01144 38055935
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Li S. Chen L. Fu Y. Nanotechnology-based ocular drug delivery systems: Recent advances and future prospects. J. Nanobiotechnology 2023 21 1 232 10.1186/s12951‑023‑01992‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Han H. Li S. Xu M. Zhong Y. Fan W. Xu J. Zhou T. Ji J. Ye J. Yao K. Polymer- and lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: Current status and future perspectives. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2023 196 114770 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114770 36894134
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Onugwu A.L. Nwagwu C.S. Onugwu O.S. Echezona A.C. Agbo C.P. Ihim S.A. Emeh P. Nnamani P.O. Attama A.A. Khutoryanskiy V.V. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases. J. Control. Release 2023 354 465 488 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.018 36642250
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Razavi M.S. Ebrahimnejad P. Fatahi Y. D’Emanuele A. Dinarvand R. Recent developments of nanostructures for the ocular delivery of natural compounds. Front Chem. 2022 10 850757 10.3389/fchem.2022.850757 35494641
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Sindhi K. Kanugo A. Recent developments in nanotechnology and immunotherapy for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2024 25 2 143 168 10.2174/0113892010284407240212110745 38415488
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Ghezzi M. Pescina S. Padula C. Santi P. Del Favero E. Cantù L. Nicoli S. Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions. J. Control. Release 2021 332 312 336 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.031 33652113
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Mandal A. Pal D. Agrahari V. Trinh H.M. Joseph M. Mitra A.K. Ocular delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges and novel formulation approaches. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2018 126 67 95 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.008 29339145
    [Google Scholar]
  54. McCauley P.J. Kumar S. Calabrese M.A. Criteria governing rod formation and growth in nonionic polymer micelles. Langmuir 2021 37 40 11676 11687 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01570 34601878
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Shastri D.H. Silva A.C. Almeida H. Ocular delivery of therapeutic proteins: A review. Pharmaceutics 2023 15 1 205 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010205 36678834
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Akhter M.H. Ahmad I. Alshahrani M.Y. Al-Harbi A.I. Khalilullah H. Afzal O. Altamimi A.S.A. Najib Ullah S.N.M. Ojha A. Karim S. Drug delivery challenges and current progress in nanocarrier-based ocular therapeutic system. Gels 2022 8 2 82 10.3390/gels8020082 35200463
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Rusciano D. Russo C. The therapeutic trip of melatonin eye drops: From the ocular surface to the retina. Pharmaceuticals 2024 17 4 441 10.3390/ph17040441 38675402
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Terreni E. Chetoni P. Tampucci S. Burgalassi S. Al-kinani A. Alany R. Monti D. Assembling surfactants-mucoadhesive polymer nanomicelles (ASMP-Nano) for ocular delivery of cyclosporine-A. Pharmaceutics 2020 12 3 253 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030253 32168973
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Mandal A. Patel P. Pal D. Mitra A.K. Multi-layered nanomicelles as self-assembled nanocarrier systems for ocular peptide delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019 20 2 66 10.1208/s12249‑018‑1267‑x 30627825
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Bose A. Roy Burman D. Sikdar B. Patra P. Nanomicelles: Types, properties and applications in drug delivery. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2021 15 1 19 27 10.1049/nbt2.12018 34694727
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Mehra N. Aqil M. Sultana Y. A grafted copolymer-based nanomicelles for topical ocular delivery of everolimus: Formulation, characterization, ex-vivo permeation, in-vitro ocular toxicity, and stability study. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2021 159 105735 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105735
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Mandan J. Kanugo D.A. Recent Advancements in Nanoparticles-Based Approaches for the Theranostics of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2025 26 In Press 10.2174/0113892010352026250213055117 40108913
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Wei J. Mu J. Tang Y. Qin D. Duan J. Wu A. Next-generation nanomaterials: Advancing ocular anti-inflammatory drug therapy. J. Nanobiotechnology 2023 21 1 282 10.1186/s12951‑023‑01974‑4 37598148
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Soiberman U. Kambhampati S.P. Wu T. Mishra M.K. Oh Y. Sharma R. Wang J. Al Towerki A.E. Yiu S. Stark W.J. Kannan R.M. Subconjunctival injectable dendrimer-dexamethasone gel for the treatment of corneal inflammation. Biomaterials 2017 125 38 53 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.016 28226245
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Kanugo A. Gautam R.K. Kamal M.A. Recent advances of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and therapy of triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC). Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2022 23 13 1581 1595 10.2174/1389201023666211230113658 34967294
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Kumar V.B. Sher I. Rencus-Lazar S. Rotenstreich Y. Gazit E. Functional carbon quantum dots for ocular imaging and therapeutic applications. Small 2023 19 7 2205754 10.1002/smll.202205754 36461689
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Zhao N. Gui X. Fang Q. Zhang R. Zhu W. Zhang H. Li Q. Zhou Y. Zhao J. Cui X. Gao G. Tang H. Shen N. Chen T. Song H. Shen W. Graphene quantum dots rescue angiogenic retinopathy via blocking STAT3/Periostin/ERK signaling. J. Nanobiotechnology 2022 20 1 174 10.1186/s12951‑022‑01362‑4 35366885
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Kanugo A. Recent advances of vesicles in drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 2023 VI I 45 60
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Kanugo A. Deshpande A. Sharma R. Formulation optimization and evaluation of nanocochleate gel of famciclovir for the treatment of Herpes Zoster. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2023 17 3 259 269 10.2174/1872210516666220622115553 35733311
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Tasharrofi N. Nourozi M. Marzban A. How liposomes pave the way for ocular drug delivery after topical administration. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2022 67 103045 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103045
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Paramshetti S. Angolkar M. Talath S. Osmani R.A.M. Spandana A. Al Fatease A. Hani U. Ramesh K.V.R.N.S. Singh E. Unravelling the in vivo dynamics of liposomes: Insights into biodistribution and cellular membrane interactions. Life Sci. 2024 346 122616 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122616 38599316
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Altamirano-Vallejo J.C. Navarro-Partida J. Gonzalez-De la Rosa A. Hsiao J.H. Olguín-Gutierrez J.S. Gonzalez-Villegas A.C. Keller B.C. Bouzo-Lopez L. Santos A. Characterization and pharmacokinetics of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded liposomes topical formulations for vitreoretinal drug delivery. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018 34 5 416 425 10.1089/jop.2017.0099 29584529
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Zhao Y. Hu J. Ke Y. Long Q. Mao J. Li H. Xiao Z. Pan K. Yuan S. Xue J. Li W. Zhong M. Zang L. Wei S. Hou D. Micro-interaction of montmorillonite-loaded nanoparticles with mucin promotes retention of betaxolol hydrochloride on the ocular surface and the tear film microenvironment. Appl. Clay Sci. 2024 247 107198 10.1016/j.clay.2023.107198
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Lai S. Wei Y. Wu Q. Zhou K. Liu T. Zhang Y. Jiang N. Xiao W. Chen J. Liu Q. Yu Y. Liposomes for effective drug delivery to the ocular posterior chamber. J. Nanobiotechnology 2019 17 1 64 10.1186/s12951‑019‑0498‑7 31084611
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Mikheytseva I.M. Grygorieva G.S. Pasyechnikova N.V. Kolomiichuk S.G. Siroshtanenko T.I. Konakhovych N.F. Ocular hypotensive efficacy of a new liposomal latanoprost formulation administered by different routes for experimental ocular hypertension. Oftalmol. Zh. 2022 97 2 37 41 10.31288/oftalmolzh202223741
    [Google Scholar]
  76. Das B. Nayak A.K. Mallick S. Lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: An updated review. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2022 76 103780 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103780
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Fukushige K. Tagami T. Naito M. Goto E. Hirai S. Hatayama N. Yokota H. Yasui T. Baba Y. Ozeki T. Developing spray-freeze-dried particles containing a hyaluronic acid-coated liposome–protamine–DNA complex for pulmonary inhalation. Int. J. Pharm. 2020 583 119338 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119338 32311468
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Jindal S. Awasthi R. Singare D. Kulkarni G.T. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of tacrolimus loaded liposomal vesicles by two methods: A comparative study. J. ResPharm 2021 25 34 41 10.35333/jrp.2021.292
    [Google Scholar]
  79. Zingale E. Romeo A. Rizzo S. Cimino C. Bonaccorso A. Carbone C. Musumeci T. Pignatello R. Fluorescent nanosystems for drug tracking and theranostics: Recent applications in the ocular field. Pharmaceutics 2022 14 5 955 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050955 35631540
    [Google Scholar]
  80. Natarajan J.V. Chattopadhyay S. Ang M. Darwitan A. Foo S. Zhen M. Koo M. Wong T.T. Venkatraman S.S. Sustained release of an anti-glaucoma drug: Demonstration of efficacy of a liposomal formulation in the rabbit eye. PLoS One 2011 6 9 24513 10.1371/journal.pone.0024513 21931735
    [Google Scholar]
  81. López-Cano J.J. González-Cela-Casamayor M.A. Andrés-Guerrero V. Herrero-Vanrell R. Molina-Martínez I.T. Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 2021 18 7 819 847 10.1080/17425247.2021.1872542 33412914
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Vargas K.M. Shon Y.S. Hybrid lipid–nanoparticle complexes for biomedical applications. J. Mater. Chem. B Mater. Biol. Med. 2019 7 5 695 708 10.1039/C8TB03084G 30740226
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Sharma S. Kanugo A. Gaikwad J. Design and development of solid lipid nanoparticles of tazarotene for the treatment of psoriasis and acne: A quality by design approach. Mater. Technol. 2021 37 8 1 10 10.1080/10667857.2021.1873637
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Dugad T. Kanugo A. Design optimization and evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticles of azelnidipine for the treatment of hypertension. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2024 18 1 22 32 10.2174/1872210517666221019102543 36278461
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Shewale H. Kanugo A. Formulation optimization and evaluation of patented solid lipid nanoparticles of ambrisentan for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2024 18 1 15 10.2174/0118722105302631240816115638 39354770
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Mulay L. Hegde N. Kanugo A. Formulation optimization and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles of apixaban. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2024 ••• 18 10.2174/0118722105284862240506045944 39099216
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Ahmad I. Pandit J. Sultana Y. Mishra A.K. Hazari P.P. Aqil M. Optimization by design of etoposide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for ocular delivery: Characterization, pharmacokinetic and deposition study. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2019 100 959 970 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.060 30948132
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Khames A. Khaleel M.A. El-Badawy M.F. El-Nezhawy A.O.H. Natamycin solid lipid nanoparticles – Sustained ocular delivery system of higher corneal penetration against deep fungal keratitis: Preparation and optimization. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2019 14 2515 2531 10.2147/IJN.S190502 31040672
    [Google Scholar]
  89. Tatke A. Dudhipala N. Janga K.Y. Balguri S.P. Avula B. Jablonski M.M. Majumdar S. In situ gel of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for improved topical ocular delivery: Tear kinetics and ocular disposition studies. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018 9 1 33 10.3390/nano9010033 30591688
    [Google Scholar]
  90. Yadav M. Schiavone N. Guzman-Aranguez A. Giansanti F. Papucci L. Perez de Lara M.J. Singh M. Kaur I.P. Correction to: Atorvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles as eye drops: Proposed treatment option for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2020 10 5 1531 10.1007/s13346‑020‑00777‑6 32363537
    [Google Scholar]
  91. Adil M. Onaizi S.A. Pickering nanoemulsions and their mechanisms in enhancing oil recovery: A comprehensive review. Fuel 2022 319 123667 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123667
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Sharma S. Kanugo A. Kaur T. Chaudhary D. Formulation and characterization of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of sertraline hydrochloride. Recent Pat. Nanotechnol. 2022 ••• 16 10.2174/1872210516666220623152440 35747954
    [Google Scholar]
  93. Barradas T.N. Nanoemulsions of essential oils to improve solubility, stability and permeability: A review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2021 19 1153 1171 10.1007/s10311‑020‑01142‑2
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Roostaee M. Derakhshani A. Mirhosseini H. Banaee Mofakham E. Fathi-Karkan S. Mirinejad S. Sargazi S. Barani M. Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: A review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer. Nanoscale 2024 16 6 2713 2746 10.1039/D3NR03495J 38213285
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Durak S. Esmaeili Rad M. Alp Yetisgin A. Eda Sutova H. Kutlu O. Cetinel S. Zarrabi A. Niosomal drug delivery systems for ocular disease-recent advances and future prospects. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020 10 6 1191 10.3390/nano10061191 32570885
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Gugleva V. Titeva S. Rangelov S. Momekova D. Design and in vitro evaluation of doxycycline hyclate niosomes as a potential ocular delivery system. Int. J. Pharm. 2019 567 118431 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.022 31207279
    [Google Scholar]
  97. El-Haddad M.E. Hussien A.A. Saeed H.M. Farid R.M. Down regulation of inflammatory cytokines by the bioactive resveratrol-loaded chitoniosomes in induced ocular inflammation model. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2021 66 102787 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102787
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Allam A. Elsabahy M. El Badry M. Eleraky N.E. Betaxolol‐loaded niosomes integrated within pH‐sensitive in situ forming gel for management of glaucoma. Int. J. Pharm. 2021 598 120380 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120380 33609725
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Batur E. Özdemir S. Durgun M.E. Özsoy Y. Vesicular drug delivery systems: Promising approaches in ocular drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024 17 4 511 10.3390/ph17040511
    [Google Scholar]
  100. Uner B. Ozdemir S. Nur Pilevne S. Cenk Celebi A.R. Timolol-loaded ethosomes for ophthalmic delivery: Reduction of high intraocular pressure in vivo. Int. J. Pharm. 2023 640 123021 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123021 37149109
    [Google Scholar]
  101. Sushma M.V. Sankaranarayanan S.A. Bantal V. Pemmaraju D.B. Rengan A.K. Ethosomal nanoformulations for combinational photothermal therapy of fungal keratitis. Adv. Ther. 2023 6 5 2200331 10.1002/adtp.202200331
    [Google Scholar]
  102. Sivadasan D. Sultan M.H. Alqahtani S.S. Javed S. Cubosomes in drug delivery-A comprehensive review on its structural components, preparation techniques and therapeutic applications. Biomedicines 2023 11 4 1114 10.3390/biomedicines11041114 37189732
    [Google Scholar]
  103. Nath A.G. Dubey P. Kumar A. Vaiphei K.K. Rosenholm J.M. Bansal K.K. Gulbake A. Recent advances in the use of cubosomes as drug carriers with special emphasis on topical applications. J. Lipids 2024 2024 1 2683466 10.1155/2024/2683466 39022452
    [Google Scholar]
  104. Han S. Shen J. Gan Y. Geng H. Zhang X. Zhu C. Gan L. Novel vehicle based on cubosomes for ophthalmic delivery of flurbiprofen with low irritancy and high bioavailability. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2010 31 8 990 998 10.1038/aps.2010.98 20686524
    [Google Scholar]
  105. Ali Z. Sharma P. Warsi M. Fabrication and evaluation of ketorolac loaded cubosome for ocular drug delivery. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2016 6 204 208 10.7324/JAPS.2016.60930
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Eldeeb A.E. Salah S. Ghorab M. Formulation and evaluation of cubosomes drug delivery system for treatment of glaucoma: Ex-vivo permeation and in-vivo pharmacodynamic study. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2019 52 236 247 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.04.036
    [Google Scholar]
  107. Huang J. Peng T. Li Y. Zhan Z. Zeng Y. Huang Y. Pan X. Wu C.Y. Wu C. Ocular cubosome drug delivery system for timolol maleate: Preparation, characterization, cytotoxicity, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017 18 8 2919 2926 10.1208/s12249‑017‑0763‑8 28429294
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Rajani T. Mahesh G. Reddy B.C.S. Formulation and evaluation of dexamethasone loaded cubosomes. Res. J. Pharma Tech. 2020 13 2 709 714 10.5958/0974‑360X.2020.00135.3
    [Google Scholar]
  109. Shoman N.A. Gebreel R.M. El-Nabarawi M.A. Attia A. Optimization of hyaluronan-enriched cubosomes for bromfenac delivery enhancing corneal permeation: Characterization, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2023 30 1 2162162 10.1080/10717544.2022.2162162 36587627
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Teba H.E. Khalil I.A. El Sorogy H.M. Novel cubosome based system for ocular delivery of acetazolamide. Drug Deliv. 2021 28 1 2177 2186 10.1080/10717544.2021.1989090 34662264
    [Google Scholar]
  111. Ajrin M. Anjum F. Proniosome: A promising approach for vesicular drug delivery. Turk J. Pharm. Sci. 2022 19 4 462 475 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.53533 36047601
    [Google Scholar]
  112. Aboali F.A. Habib D.A. Elbedaiwy H.M. Farid R.M. Curcumin-loaded proniosomal gel as a biofreindly alternative for treatment of ocular inflammation: In-vitro and in-vivo assessment. Int. J. Pharm. 2020 589 119835 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119835 32890654
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Hendawy O.M. Al-Sanea M.M. Elbargisy R.M. Rahman H.U. Gomaa H.A.M. Mohamed A.A.B. Ibrahim M.F. Kassem A.M. Elmowafy M. Development of olive oil containing phytosomal nanocomplex for improving skin delivery of quercetin: Formulation design optimization, in vitro and ex vivo appraisals. Pharmaceutics 2023 15 4 1124 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041124 37111610
    [Google Scholar]
  114. Gad S. Hanna P. Ibrahem H. Mortagi Y. Surfactants’ role in nanovesicles drug delivery system. Rec. Pharma Biomed. Sci. 2023 7 3 140 149 10.21608/rpbs.2023.219887.1238
    [Google Scholar]
  115. Salem H. Ahmed S.M. Omar M.M. Liposomal flucytosine capped with gold nanoparticle formulations for improved ocular delivery. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2016 10 277 295 10.2147/DDDT.S91730 26834459
    [Google Scholar]
  116. Apaolaza P.S. Busch M. Asin-Prieto E. Peynshaert K. Rathod R. Remaut K. Dünker N. Göpferich A. Hyaluronic acid coating of gold nanoparticles for intraocular drug delivery: Evaluation of the surface properties and effect on their distribution. Exp. Eye Res. 2020 198 108151 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108151 32721426
    [Google Scholar]
  117. Kavalaraki A. Spyratou E. Kouri M.A. Efstathopoulos E.P. Gold nanoparticles as contrast agents in ophthalmic imaging. Optics 2023 4 74 99 10.3390/opt4010007
    [Google Scholar]
  118. Anbukkarasi M. Thomas P.A. Sheu J.R. Geraldine P. In vitro antioxidant and anticataractogenic potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using an ethanolic extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata leaves. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017 91 467 475 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.079 28477463
    [Google Scholar]
  119. Lu C. Liu Y. Liu Y. Kou G. Chen Y. Wu X. Lv Y. Cai J. Chen R. Luo J. Yang X. Silver nanoparticles cause neural and vascular disruption by affecting key neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and VEGF signaling pathways. Int. J. Nanomedicine 2023 18 2693 2706 10.2147/IJN.S406184 37228446
    [Google Scholar]
  120. Dhall A. Self W. Cerium oxide nanoparticles: A brief review of their synthesis methods and biomedical applications. Antioxidants 2018 7 97 10.3390/antiox7080097
    [Google Scholar]
  121. Zou H. Hong Y. Xu B. Wang M. Xie H. Lin Q. Multifunctional cerium oxide nanozymes with high ocular surface retention for dry eye disease treatment achieved by restoring redox balance. Acta Biomater. 2024 185 441 455 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.07.003 38997079
    [Google Scholar]
  122. Vallet-Regí M. Schüth F. Lozano D. Colilla M. Manzano M. Engineering mesoporous silica nanoparticles for drug delivery: Where are we after two decades? Chem. Soc. Rev. 2022 51 13 5365 5451 10.1039/D1CS00659B 35642539
    [Google Scholar]
  123. Paiva M.R.B. Andrade G.F. Dourado L.F.N. Castro B.F.M. Fialho S.L. Sousa E.M.B. Silva-Cunha A. Surface functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for intravitreal application of tacrolimus. J. Biomater. Appl. 2021 35 8 1019 1033 10.1177/0885328220977605 33290123
    [Google Scholar]
  124. Al-Nimry S.S. Daghmash R.M. Three dimensional printing and its applications focusing on microneedles for drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023 15 6 1597 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061597 37376046
    [Google Scholar]
  125. Kanugo A. Recent advancement of microneedle technique in diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Inter J. Pharma Sci. Nanotech 2023 16 4 6907 6920 10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.4.8
    [Google Scholar]
  126. Albadr A.A. Tekko I.A. Vora L.K. Ali A.A. Laverty G. Donnelly R.F. Thakur R.R.S. Rapidly dissolving microneedle patch of amphotericin B for intracorneal fungal infections. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 2022 12 4 931 943 10.1007/s13346‑021‑01032‑2 34302273
    [Google Scholar]
  127. Li M. Yu X. Jin Y. Wu, Z Minimally Invasive Dissolving Microneedles for Ocular Brinzolamide Delivery. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2021 ••• 849 854 10.16438/J.0513‑4870.2020‑1436
    [Google Scholar]
  128. Yuan X. Marcano D.C. Shin C.S. Hua X. Isenhart L.C. Pflugfelder S.C. Acharya G. Ocular drug delivery nanowafer with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. ACS Nano 2015 9 2 1749 1758 10.1021/nn506599f 25585134
    [Google Scholar]
  129. Tafti M.F. Fayyaz Z. Aghamollaei H. Jadidi K. Faghihi S. Drug delivery strategies to improve the treatment of corneal disorders. Heliyon 2025 11 2 41881 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41881 39897787
    [Google Scholar]
  130. Marcano D.C. Shin C.S. Lee B. Isenhart L.C. Liu X. Li F. Jester J.V. Pflugfelder S.C. Simpson J. Acharya G. Synergistic cysteamine delivery nanowafer as an efficacious treatment modality for corneal cystinosis. Mol. Pharm. 2016 13 10 3468 3477 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00488 27571217
    [Google Scholar]
  131. Coursey T.G. Henriksson J.T. Marcano D.C. Shin C.S. Isenhart L.C. Ahmed F. De Paiva C.S. Pflugfelder S.C. Acharya G. Dexamethasone nanowafer as an effective therapy for dry eye disease. J. Control. Release 2015 213 168 174 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.07.007 26184051
    [Google Scholar]
  132. De La P. Díaz R. Conductive interpenetrated hydrogels for biomedical applications. 2024
    [Google Scholar]
  133. Fang G. Yang X. Wang Q. Zhang A. Tang B. Hydrogels-based ophthalmic drug delivery systems for treatment of ocular diseases. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2021 127 112212 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112212 34225864
    [Google Scholar]
  134. hui-hui, Z.; qiu-hua, L.; zhi-jun, Y.; wei-san, P.; shu-fang, N. Novel ophthalmic timolol meleate liposomal-hydrogel and its improved local glaucomatous therapeutic effect in vivo. Drug Deliv. 2011 18 7 502 510 10.3109/10717544.2011.595839 21790329
    [Google Scholar]
  135. Ross M. Hicks E.A. Rambarran T. Sheardown H. Thermo-sensitivity and erosion of chitosan crosslinked poly[N-isopropylacrylamide-co-(acrylic acid)-co-(methyl methacrylate)] hydrogels for application to the inferior fornix. Acta Biomater. 2022 141 151 163 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.043 35081434
    [Google Scholar]
  136. Biswal S. Parmanik A. Das D. Sahoo R.N. Nayak A.K. Gellan gum-based in-situ gel formulations for ocular drug delivery: A practical approach. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2025 290 138979 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138979 39708866
    [Google Scholar]
  137. Martínez G. Begines B. Pajuelo E. Vázquez J. Rodriguez-Albelo L.M. Cofini D. Torres Y. Alcudia A. Versatile biodegradable Poly(acrylic acid)-Based hydrogels infiltrated in porous titanium implants to improve the biofunctional performance. Biomacromolecules 2023 24 11 4743 4758 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00532 37677155
    [Google Scholar]
  138. Karmakar S. Manna S. Kabiraj S. Jana S. Recent progress in alginate-based carriers for ocular targeting of therapeutics. Food. Hydrocoll Health. 2022 2 100071 10.1016/j.fhfh.2022.100071
    [Google Scholar]
  139. Sah R. Sharma N. Priyadarshini K. Titiyal J.S. Contact lenses for the treatment of ocular surface diseases. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2023 71 4 1135 1141 10.4103/IJO.IJO_17_23 37026245
    [Google Scholar]
  140. Chaudhary S. Ghimire D. Basu S. Agrawal V. Jacobs D.S. Shanbhag S.S. Contact lenses in dry eye disease and associated ocular surface disorders. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 2023 71 4 1142 1153 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2778_22 37026246
    [Google Scholar]
  141. Rykowska I. Nowak I. Nowak R. Soft contact lenses as drug delivery systems: A review. Molecules 2021 26 18 5577 10.3390/molecules26185577 34577045
    [Google Scholar]
  142. Maulvi F.A. Soni T.G. Shah D.O. A review on therapeutic contact lenses for ocular drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 2016 23 8 3017 3026 10.3109/10717544.2016.1138342 26821766
    [Google Scholar]
  143. Garhwal R. Shady S.F. Ellis E.J. Ellis J.Y. Leahy C.D. McCarthy S.P. Crawford K.S. Gaines P. Sustained ocular delivery of ciprofloxacin using nanospheres and conventional contact lens materials. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2012 53 3 1341 1352 10.1167/iovs.11‑8215 22266514
    [Google Scholar]
  144. Wuchte L.D. DiPasquale S.A. Byrne M.E. In vivo drug delivery via contact lenses: The current state of the field from origins to present. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2021 63 102413 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102413 34122626
    [Google Scholar]
  145. Choi S.W. Kim J. Therapeutic contact lenses with polymeric vehicles for ocular drug delivery: A review. Materials (Basel) 2018 11 7 1125 10.3390/ma11071125 29966397
    [Google Scholar]
  146. Torres-Luna C. Fan X. Domszy R. Hu N. Wang N.S. Yang A. Hydrogel-based ocular drug delivery systems for hydrophobic drugs. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2020 154 105503 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105503 32745587
    [Google Scholar]
  147. Sun R. Ma S. Chen X. Deng Y. Gou J. Yin T. He H. Wang Y. Tang X. Zhang Y. Inflammation-responsive molecular-gated contact lens for the treatment of corneal neovascularization. J. Control. Release 2023 360 818 830 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.036 37481212
    [Google Scholar]
  148. Chen K.Y. Chan H.C. Chan C.M. Can stem cell therapy revolutionize ocular disease treatment? A critical review of preclinical and clinical advances. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2025 2025 1 26 10.1007/s12015‑025‑10884‑x 40266467
    [Google Scholar]
  149. Tang Z. Ye F. Ni N. Fan X. Lu L. Gu P. Frontier applications of retinal nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and perspectives. J. Nanobiotechnology 2025 23 1 143 10.1186/s12951‑025‑03095‑6 40001147
    [Google Scholar]
  150. Kim C. Serapicos P.C.Z. Lustosa C.M. Ibanez A.S.S. Zecchin V.G. de Oliveira L.A. Ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric population. Hematol. Transfus. Cell Ther. 2025 47 2 103823 10.1016/j.htct.2025.103823 40262294
    [Google Scholar]
  151. 2024 https://www.fightingblindness.ca/clinical-trials/
  152. Szabó V. Varsányi B. Barboni M. Takács Á. Knézy K. Molnár M.J. Nagy Z.Z. György B. Rivolta C. Insights into eye genetics and recent advances in ocular gene therapy. Mol. Cell. Probes 2025 79 102008 10.1016/j.mcp.2025.102008 39805344
    [Google Scholar]
  153. Liu Z. Zhang H. Jia H. Wang H. Huang Z. Tang Y. Wang Z. Hu J. Zhao X. Li T. Sun X. The clinical safety landscape for ocular AAV gene therapies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. iScience 2025 28 4 112265 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112265 40248125
    [Google Scholar]
  154. Kharisova C.B. Kitaeva K.V. Solovyeva V.V. Sufianov A.A. Sufianova G.Z. Akhmetshin R.F. Bulgar S.N. Rizvanov A.A. Looking to the future of viral vectors in ocular gene therapy: Clinical review. Biomedicines 2025 13 2 365 10.3390/biomedicines13020365
    [Google Scholar]
  155. FDA approves encapsulated cell therapy for degenerative eye disease. 2025 Available fromhttps://www.asgct.org/publications/news/march-2025/encelto-cell-therapy-degenerative-eye-disease
  156. Aghajanpour S. Amiriara H. Ebrahimnejad P. Slavcev R.A. Advancing ocular gene therapy: A machine learning approach to enhance delivery, uptake and gene expression. Drug Discov. Today 2025 30 5 104359 10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104359 40228736
    [Google Scholar]
  157. Stable liposomal formulations for ocular drug delivery US Patent 20150190359A1 2014
    [Google Scholar]
  158. Subconjunctivaled depot formulating formulations for the eye medicine dispensing. EP Patent 3445335A4 2017
    [Google Scholar]
  159. Subconjunctival depot forming formulations for ocular drug delivery. US Patent 20190133931A1 2017
    [Google Scholar]
  160. Glycosaminoglycan-coated metallic nanoparticles and uses thereof. WO Patent 2016156788A1 2016
    [Google Scholar]
  161. Ophthalmic nanoemulsion composition containing cyclosporine and method for preparing same PH Patent 12015502587B1 2015
    [Google Scholar]
  162. Cyclosporine-containing non-irritative nanoemulsion ophthalmic composition US Patent 9320801B2 2013
    [Google Scholar]
  163. Pharmaceutical nanoparticles showing improved mucosal transport. AU Patent 2013256092B2 2013
    [Google Scholar]
  164. Non-irritant ophthalmic composition containing cyclosporin, and convenient preparation method. US Patent 20180214510A1 2016
    [Google Scholar]
  165. Pentablock Polymers. US Patent 20110250283A1 2010
    [Google Scholar]
  166. Determination of a service description most closely matching a specified service name US Patent 20160224567A1 2016
    [Google Scholar]
  167. Nagai N. Otake H. Novel drug delivery systems for the management of dry eye. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2022 191 114582 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114582 36283491
    [Google Scholar]
  168. Khopade A.J. Halder A. Patel V. Shah H. Shah A. Burade V. Zalawadia R. Patel A. Low dose ophthalmic solution of difluprednate for the management of pain and inflammation. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2023 83 104387 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104387
    [Google Scholar]
  169. Siriwardane D.A. Jiang W. Mudalige T. Profiling in-vitro release of verteporfin from VISUDYNE® liposomal formulation and investigating verteporfin binding to human serum albumin. Int. J. Pharm. 2023 646 123449 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123449 37776965
    [Google Scholar]
  170. Zhong C. Shi Z. Binzel D.W. Jin K. Li X. Guo P. Li S.K. Posterior eye delivery of angiogenesis-inhibiting RNA nanoparticles via subconjunctival injection. Int. J. Pharm. 2024 657 124151 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124151 38657717
    [Google Scholar]
  171. TLC399 (ProDex) in subjects with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion (RVO); NCT03093701. 2021 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03093701
  172. POLAT-001 compared to latanoprost ophthalmic solution in patients with ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma NCT02466399 2020 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02466399
  173. SYSTANE® family - Meibomian deficiency; NCT01733745. 2018 Available from:https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01733745.
  174. CEQUA for Sjögren’s syndrome dry eye; NCT04835623 2024 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04835623
  175. A randomized controlled trial comparing urea-loaded nanoparticles to placebo: a new concept for cataract management; NCT03001466 2016 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03001466.
  176. Safety and efficacy of KPI-121 in subjects with postsurgical Inflammation-responsive and pain; NCT02793817. 2020 Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02793817
/content/journals/cdd/10.2174/0115672018383855251007175252
Loading
Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology-Driven Strategies for Diagnosis and Therapy of Ocular Diseases
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0115672018383855251007175252
/content/journals/cdd/10.2174/0115672018383855251007175252
/content/journals/cdd/10.2174/0115672018383855251007175252
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: hydrogels ; Ocular diseases ; microneedles ; gene therapy ; liposomes ; cubosomes ; polymeric micelles ; stem cell therapy ; artificial intelligence

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test