Antitumor Mechanisms of Molecules Secreted by Trypanosoma cruzi in Colon and Breast Cancer: A Review

Background: Molecules secreted by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) have beneficial effects on the immune system and can fight against cancer by inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, preventing angiogenesis, and promoting immune activation. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of molecules secreted by Trypanosoma cruzi on the growth of colon and breast cancer cells, to understand the underlying mechanisms of action. Results: Calreticulin from T. cruzi, a 45 kDa protein, participates in essential changes in the tumor microenvironment by triggering an adaptive immune response, exerting an antiangiogenic effect, and inhibiting cell growth. On the other hand, a 21 kDa protein (P21) secreted at all stages of the parasite's life cycle can inhibit cell invasion and migration. Mucins, such as Tn, sialyl-Tn, and TF, are present both in tumor cells and on the surface of T. cruzi and are characterized as common antigenic determinants, inducing a cross-immune response. In addition, molecules secreted by the parasite are used recombinantly in immunotherapy against cancer for their ability to generate a reliable and long-lasting immune response. Conclusion: By elucidating the antitumor mechanisms of the molecules secreted by T. cruzi, this study provides valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat colon and breast cancer.