Skip to content
2000
image of Molecular Pathways and Biomarkers in Endometrial Carcinoma: Paving the Way for Precision Medicine

Abstract

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most prevalent gynecological malignancies, with an increasing incidence globally. This review explores the role of molecular markers in revolutionizing the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of EC. This article provides an overview of endometrial carcinoma, emphasizing its subtypes and the molecular mechanisms driving disease progression. Current biomarkers, while clinically significant, often present limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value, necessitating the discovery of novel markers. Recent advances in genetic and epigenetic profiling have identified key mutations, such as PTEN, TP53, and POLE, along with DNA methylation patterns and microRNAs, as crucial contributors to EC pathophysiology. Furthermore, transcriptomic and proteomic studies reveal the potential of RNA-based markers (., lncRNAs, mRNAs) and proteomic signatures in improving early diagnosis and prognostic predictions. Immunohistochemical markers and insights into tumor microenvironment dynamics pave the way for targeted therapeutic strategies. In the context of endometrial carcinoma (EC), clinical trials play a pivotal role in validating targeted therapies based on molecular subtypes and biomarkers, such as HER2 amplification, POLE mutations, and mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd)​. This review underscores the integration of biomarkers into precision oncology, enabling personalized treatment regimens. However, challenges such as barriers to clinical translation and the need for advanced technologies highlight the importance of continued research in marker discovery for EC.

© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/acamc/10.2174/0118715206390892250803033306
2025-08-11
2025-10-28

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/acamc/10.2174/0118715206390892250803033306
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Benson A.B. Rugo H.S. Cancer consult. Care 2023 1 523 532 10.1002/9781119823766.ch40
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Zhao S. Chen L. Zang Y. Liu W. Liu S. Teng F. Xue F. Wang Y. Endometrial cancer in Lynch syndrome. Int. J. Cancer 2022 150 1 7 17 10.1002/ijc.33763 34398969
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Kurman R.J. Shih I.M. The dualistic model of ovarian carcinogenesis revisited, revised, and expanded. Am. J. Pathol. 2016 186 4 733 747 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.011 27012190
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Onstad M.A. Schmandt R.E. Lu K.H. Addressing the role of obesity in endometrial cancer risk, prevention, and treatment. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016 34 35 4225 4230 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.4638 27903150
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Min H.Y. Lee H.Y. Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment. Exp. Mol. Med. 2022 54 10 1670 1694 10.1038/s12276‑022‑00864‑3 36224343
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Gouthaman S. Saravanan R. Maharajan S. Pitani R.S. Soundarajan J.C.B. Clinicopathological analysis of carcinoma endometrium at a tertiary care centre in chennai: A retrospective study. J. Evid Based Meda Health. 2021 8 29 2625 2632 10.18410/jebmh/2021/484
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Yang Y. Wu S.F. Bao W. Molecular subtypes of endometrial cancer: Implications for adjuvant treatment strategies. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2024 164 2 436 459 10.1002/ijgo.14969 37525501
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Konstantinopoulos P.A. Luo W. Liu J.F. Gulhan D.C. Krasner C. Ishizuka J.J. Gockley A.A. Buss M. Growdon W.B. Crowe H. Campos S. Lindeman N.I. Hill S. Stover E. Schumer S. Wright A.A. Curtis J. Quinn R. Whalen C. Gray K.P. Penson R.T. Cannistra S.A. Fleming G.F. Matulonis U.A. Phase II study of avelumab in patients with mismatch repair deficient and mismatch repair proficient recurrent/persistent endometrial cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019 37 30 2786 2794 10.1200/JCO.19.01021 31461377
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Dou Y. Kawaler E.A. Zhou C. D.; Gritsenko, M.A.; Huang, C.; Blumenberg, L.; Karpova, A.; Petyuk, V.A.; Savage, S.R.; Satpathy, S.; Liu, W.; Wu, Y.; Tsai, C.F.; Wen, B.; Li, Z.; Cao, S.; Moon, J.; Shi, Z.; Cornwell, M.; Wyczalkowski, M.A.; Chu, R.K.; Vasaikar, S.; Zhou, H.; Gao, Q.; Moore, R.J.; Li, K.; Sethuraman, S.; Monroe, M.E.; Zhao, R.; Heiman, D.; Krug, K.; Clauser, K.; Kothadia, R.; Maruvka, Y.; Pico, A.R.; Oliphant, A.E.; Hoskins, E.L.; Pugh, S.L.; Beecroft, S.J.I.; Adams, D.W.; Jarman, J.C.; Kong, A.; Chang, H.Y.; Reva, B.; Liao, Y.; Rykunov, D.; Colaprico, A.; Chen, X.S.; Czekański, A.; Jędryka, M.; Matkowski, R.; Wiznerowicz, M.; Hiltke, T.; Boja, E.; Kinsinger, C.R.; Mesri, M.; Robles, A.I.; Rodriguez, H.; Mutch, D.; Fuh, K.; Ellis, M.J.; DeLair, D.; Thiagarajan, M.; Mani, D.R.; Getz, G.; Noble, M.; Nesvizhskii, A.I.; Wang, P.; Anderson, M.L.; Levine, D.A.; Smith, R.D.; Payne, S.H.; Ruggles, K.V.; Rodland, K.D.; Ding, L.; Zhang, B.; Liu, T.; Fenyö, D.; Agarwal, A.; Anurag, M.; Avtonomov, D.; Birger, C.; Birrer, M.J.; Boca, S.M.; Bocik, W.E.; Borate, U.; Borucki, M.; Burke, M.C.; Cai, S.; Calinawan, A.; Carr, S.A.; Carter, S.; Castro, P.; Cerda, S.; Chaikin, M.; Chan, D.W.; Chan, D.; Charamut, A.; Chen, F.; Chen, J.; Chen, L.; Chen, L.S.; Chesla, D.; Chheda, M.G.; Chinnaiyan, A.M.; Chowdhury, S.; Cieslik, M.P.; Clark, D.J.; Cottingham, S.; Culpepper, H.; Day, J.; De Young, S.; Demir, E.; Dhanasekaran, S.M.; Dhir, R.; Domagalski, M.J.; Dottino, P.; Druker, B.; Duffy, E.; Dyer, M.; Edwards, N.J.; Edwards, R.; Elburn, K.; Field, J.B.; Francis, A.; Gabriel, S.; Geffen, Y.; Geiszler, D.; Gillette, M.A.; Godwin, A.K.; Grady, P.; Hannick, L.; Hariharan, P.; Hilsenbeck, S.; Hindenach, B.; Hoadley, K.A.; Hong, R.; Hostetter, G.; Hsieh, J.J.; Hu, Y.; Ittmann, M.M.; Jaehnig, E.; Jewell, S.D.; Ji, J.; Jones, C.D.; Karabon, R.; Ketchum, K.A.; Khan, M.; Kim, B-J.; Krek, A.; Krubit, T.; Kumar-Sinha, C.; Leprevost, F.D.; Lewis, M.; Li, Q.K.; Li, Y.; Liu, H.; Lubinski, J.; Ma, W.; Madan, R.; Malc, E.; Malovannaya, A.; Mareedu, S.; Markey, S.P.; Marrero-Oliveras, A.; Martignetti, J.; McDermott, J.; McGarvey, P.B.; McGee, J.; Mieczkowski, P.; Modugno, F.; Montgomery, R.; Newton, C.J.; Omenn, G.S.; Paulovich, A.G.; Perou, A.M.; Petralia, F.; Piehowski, P.; Polonskaya, L.; Qi, L.; Richey, S.; Robinson, K.; Roche, N.; Rohrer, D.C.; Schadt, E.E.; Schnaubelt, M.; Shi, Y.; Skelly, T.; Sokoll, L.J.; Song, X.; Stein, S.E.; Suh, J.; Tan, D.; Tansil, D.; Teo, G.C.; Thangudu, R.R.; Tognon, C.; Traer, E.; Tyner, J.; Um, K.S.; Valley, D.R.; Vatanian, N.; Vats, P.; Velvulou, U.; Vernon, M.; Wang, L-B.; Wang, Y.; Webster, A.; Westbrook, T.; Wheeler, D.; Whiteaker, J.R.; Wilson, G.D.; Zakhartsev, Y.; Zelt, R.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, G. Proteogenomic characterization of endometrial carcinoma. Cell 2020 180 4 729 748.e26 10.1016/j.cell.2020.01.026 32059776
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Lu X.X. Cao L.Y. Chen X. Xiao J. Zou Y. Chen Q. PTEN inhibits cell proliferation, promotes cell apoptosis, and induces cell cycle arrest via downregulating the PI3K/AKT/hTERT Pathway in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells. BioMed Res. Int. 2016 2016 1 8 10.1155/2016/2476842 27822469
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Burotto M. Chiou V.L. Lee J.M. Kohn E.C. The MAPK pathway across different malignancies: A new perspective. Cancer 2014 120 22 3446 3456 10.1002/cncr.28864 24948110
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Ko B. Hanna M. Yu M. Grady W.M. Epigenetic alterations in colorectal cancer. Epigenetic Human Health. 2023 11 331 361 10.1007/978‑3‑031‑42365‑9_10
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Garcia-Martinez L. Zhang Y. Nakata Y. Chan H.L. Morey L. Epigenetic mechanisms in breast cancer therapy and resistance. Nat. Commun. 2021 12 1 1786 10.1038/s41467‑021‑22024‑3 33741974
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Makker V. MacKay H. Ray-Coquard I. Levine D.A. Westin S.N. Aoki D. Oaknin A. Endometrial cancer. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2021 7 1 88 10.1038/s41572‑021‑00324‑8 34887451
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Akhmedkhanov A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A. Toniolo P. Role of exogenous and endogenous hormones in endometrial cancer review of the evidence and research perspectives. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2001 943 296 315 10.1111/j.1749‑6632.2001.tb03811.x
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Glaviano A. Foo A.S.C. Lam H.Y. Yap K.C.H. Jacot W. Jones R.H. Eng H. Nair M.G. Makvandi P. Geoerger B. Kulke M.H. Baird R.D. Prabhu J.S. Carbone D. Pecoraro C. Teh D.B.L. Sethi G. Cavalieri V. Lin K.H. Javidi-Sharifi N.R. Toska E. Davids M.S. Brown J.R. Diana P. Stebbing J. Fruman D.A. Kumar A.P. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer. Mol. Cancer 2023 22 1 138 10.1186/s12943‑023‑01827‑6 37596643
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Song P. Gao Z. Bao Y. Chen L. Huang Y. Liu Y. Dong Q. Wei X. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in carcinogenesis and cancer therapy. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2024 17 1 46 10.1186/s13045‑024‑01563‑4 38886806
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Tornesello M. TP53 mutations in cancer: Molecular features and therapeutic opportunities (Review). Int. J. Mol. Med. 2024 55 1 7 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5448 39450536
    [Google Scholar]
  19. English D.P. Roque D.M. Buza N. Santin A.D. HER2 as biomarker for endometrial cancer. Biomarkers in Cancer. Dordrecht Springer 2015 507 526 10.1007/978‑94‑007‑7681‑4_26
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Nádorvári M.L. Lotz G. Kulka J. Kiss A. Tímár J. Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein deficiency: Equal predictive markers? Pathol. Oncol. Res. 2024 30 1611719 10.3389/pore.2024.1611719 38655493
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Cibula D. Raspollini M.R. Planchamp F. Centeno C. Chargari C. Felix A. Fischerová D. Jahnn-Kuch D. Joly F. Kohler C. Lax S. Lorusso D. Mahantshetty U. Mathevet P. Naik R. Nout R.A. Oaknin A. Peccatori F. Persson J. Querleu D. Bernabé S.R. Schmid M.P. Stepanyan A. Svintsitskyi V. Tamussino K. Zapardiel I. Lindegaard J. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP Guidelines for the management of patients with cervical cancer – Update 2023. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 2023 33 5 649 666 10.1136/ijgc‑2023‑004429 37127326
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Li K. Sun J. Wei X. Wu G. Wang F. Fan C. Yuan H. Prognostic value of lymphovascular invasion in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis following surgery. BMC Cancer 2019 19 1 476 10.1186/s12885‑019‑5714‑1 31113402
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Oaknin A. Bosse T.J. Creutzberg C.L. Giornelli G. Harter P. Joly F. Lorusso D. Marth C. Makker V. Mirza M.R. Ledermann J.A. Colombo N. Endometrial cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2022 33 9 860 877 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.05.009 35690222
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Huang Y. Wen W. Li X. Xu D. Liu L. Prognostic value of lymphovascular space invasion in stage IA to IIB cervical cancer: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023 102 15 e33547 10.1097/MD.0000000000033547 37058045
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Restaino S. Paglietti C. Arcieri M. Biasioli A. Della Martina M. Mariuzzi L. Andreetta C. Titone F. Bogani G. Raimondo D. Perelli F. Buda A. Petrillo M. Greco P. Ercoli A. Fanfani F. Scambia G. Driul L. Vizzielli G. Management of patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer: Comparison of guidelines. Cancers 2023 15 4 1091 10.3390/cancers15041091 36831434
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Pawłowicz P.S. Ajdacka U. The role of laparoscopy in the surgical treatment of endometrial cancer. Wideochir. Inne Tech. Malo Inwazyjne 2015 10 1 44 48 10.5114/wiitm.2015.49249 25960792
    [Google Scholar]
  27. León-Castillo A. de Boer S.M. Powell M.E. Mileshkin L.R. Mackay H.J. Leary A. Nijman H.W. Singh N. Pollock P.M. Bessette P. Fyles A. Haie-Meder C. Smit V.T.H.B.M. Edmondson R.J. Putter H. Kitchener H.C. Crosbie E.J. de Bruyn M. Nout R.A. Horeweg N. Creutzberg C.L. Bosse T. Molecular classification of the PORTEC-3 trial for high-risk endometrial cancer: Impact on prognosis and benefit from adjuvant therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020 38 29 3388 3397 10.1200/JCO.20.00549 32749941
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Jamieson A. Huvila J. Chiu D. Thompson E.F. Scott S. Salvador S. Vicus D. Helpman L. Gotlieb W. Kean S. Samouelian V. Köbel M. Kinloch M. Parra-Harran C. Offman S. Grondin K. Irving J. Lum A. Senz J. Leung S. McConechy M.K. Plante M. Kommoss S. Huntsman D.G. Talhouk A. Gilks C.B. McAlpine J.N. Grade and estrogen receptor expression identify a subset of no specific molecular profile endometrial carcinomas at a very low risk of disease-specific death. Mod. Pathol. 2023 36 4 100085 10.1016/j.modpat.2022.100085 36788084
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Haag J. Cosgrove C.M. Cohn D.E. Suarez A. Goodfellow P.J. Backes F.J. MMR deficiency identifies patients with high intermediate risk (HIR) endometrial cancer at highest risk of recurrence: A prognostic and possible predictive biomarker for HIR endometrial cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2018 149 180 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.409
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sharma P. Goswami S. Raychaudhuri D. Siddiqui B.A. Singh P. Nagarajan A. Liu J. Subudhi S.K. Poon C. Gant K.L. Herbrich S.M. Anandhan S. Islam S. Amit M. Anandappa G. Allison J.P. Immune checkpoint therapy—current perspectives and future directions. Cell 2023 186 8 1652 1669 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.006 37059068
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Mendiola M. Heredia-Soto V. Ruz-Caracuel I. Baillo A. Ramon-Patino J.L. Escudero F.J. Miguel M. Pelaez-Garcia A. Hernandez A. Feliu J. Hardisson D. Redondo A. Comparison of methods for testing mismatch repair status in endometrial cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 19 14468 10.3390/ijms241914468 37833916
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Bogani G. Ray-Coquard I. Concin N. Ngoi N.Y.L. Morice P. Caruso G. Enomoto T. Takehara K. Denys H. Lorusso D. Coleman R. Vaughan M.M. Takano M. Provencher D.M. Sagae S. Wimberger P. Póka R. Segev Y. Kim S.I. Kim J.W. Candido dos Reis F.J. Ramirez P.T. Mariani A. Leitao M. Makker V. Abu-Rustum N.R. Vergote I. Zannoni G. Tan D. McCormack M. Paolini B. Bini M. Raspagliesi F. Benedetti Panici P. Di Donato V. Muzii L. Colombo N. Pignata S. Scambia G. Monk B.J. Endometrial carcinosarcoma. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 2023 33 2 147 174 10.1136/ijgc‑2022‑004073 36585027
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Lopez S. Cocco E. Black J. Bellone S. Bonazzoli E. Predolini F. Ferrari F. Schwab C.L. English D.P. Ratner E. Silasi D.A. Azodi M. Schwartz P.E. Terranova C. Angioli R. Santin A.D. Dual HER2/PIK3CA targeting overcomes single-agent acquired resistance in HER2-amplified uterine serous carcinoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2015 14 11 2519 2526 10.1158/1535‑7163.MCT‑15‑0383 26333383
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Arif K.M.T. Elliott E.K. Haupt L.M. Griffiths L.R. Regulatory mechanisms of epigenetic mirna relationships in human cancer and potential as therapeutic targets. Cancers 2020 12 10 2922 10.3390/cancers12102922 33050637
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Sasaki K. Takahashi S. Ouchi K. Otsuki Y. Wakayama S. Ishioka C. Different impacts of TP53 mutations on cell cycle-related gene expression among cancer types. Sci. Rep. 2023 13 1 4868 10.1038/s41598‑023‑32092‑8 36964217
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Van Lier M.G.F. De Wilt J.H.W. Wagemakers J.J.M.F. Dinjens W.N.M. Damhuis R.A.M. Wagner A. Kuipers E.J. Van Leerdam M.E. Underutilization of microsatellite instability analysis in colorectal cancer patients at high risk for Lynch syndrome. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2009 44 5 600 604 10.1080/00365520802706008 19153873
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Croce C.M. Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2009 10 10 704 714 10.1038/nrg2634 19763153
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Laganà A.S. Garzon S. Götte M. Viganò P. Franchi M. Ghezzi F. Martin D.C. The pathogenesis of endometriosis: Molecular and cell biology insights. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019 20 22 5615 10.3390/ijms20225615 31717614
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Rivlin N. Brosh R. Oren M. Rotter V. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Important milestones at the various steps of tumorigenesis. Genes Cancer 2011 2 4 466 474 10.1177/1947601911408889 21779514
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Ngeow J. Eng C. PTEN in hereditary and sporadic cancer. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2020 10 4 a036087 10.1101/cshperspect.a036087 31570378
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Marei H.E. Althani A. Afifi N. Hasan A. Caceci T. Pozzoli G. Morrione A. Giordano A. Cenciarelli C. p53 signaling in cancer progression and therapy. Cancer Cell Int. 2021 21 1 703 10.1186/s12935‑021‑02396‑8 34952583
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Selves J. de Castro e Gloria, H.; Brunac, A.C.; Saffi, J.; Guimbaud, R.; Brousset, P.; Hoffmann, J.S. Exploring the basis of heterogeneity of cancer aggressiveness among the mutated POLE variants. Life Sci. Alliance 2024 7 1 e202302290 10.26508/lsa.202302290 37891003
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Muller P.A.J. Vousden K.H. Mutant p53 in cancer: New functions and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Cell 2014 25 3 304 317 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.021 24651012
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Handy D.E. Castro R. Loscalzo J. Epigenetic modifications. Circulation 2011 123 19 2145 2156 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.956839 21576679
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Shima K. Nosho K. Baba Y. Cantor M. Meyerhardt J.A. Giovannucci E.L. Fuchs C.S. Ogino S. Prognostic significance of CDKN2A (p16) promoter methylation and loss of expression in 902 colorectal cancers: Cohort study and literature review. Int. J. Cancer 2011 128 5 1080 1094 10.1002/ijc.25432 20473920
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Svoronos A.A. Engelman D.M. Slack F.J. OncomiR or tumor suppressor? The duplicity of MicroRNAs in cancer. Cancer Res. 2016 76 13 3666 3670 10.1158/0008‑5472.CAN‑16‑0359 27325641
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Zhu S. Wu H. Wu F. Nie D. Sheng S. Mo Y.Y. MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes in invasion and metastasis. Cell Res. 2008 18 3 350 359 10.1038/cr.2008.24 18270520
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Rydenfelt M. Wongchenko M. Klinger B. Yan Y. Blüthgen N. The cancer cell proteome and transcriptome predicts sensitivity to targeted and cytotoxic drugs. Life Sci. Alliance 2019 2 4 e201900445 10.26508/lsa.201900445 31253656
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lowe R. Shirley N. Bleackley M. Dolan S. Shafee T. Transcriptomics technologies. PLOS Comput. Biol. 2017 13 5 e1005457 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005457 28545146
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Han Y. Liu D. Li L. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: Current researches in cancer. Am. J. Cancer Res. 2020 10 3 727 742 32266087
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Ghafouri-Fard S. Azimi T. Hussen B.M. Taheri M. Jalili Khoshnoud R. A review on the role of non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021 22 23 12964 10.3390/ijms222312964 34884767
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Cantile M. Di Bonito M. Tracey De Bellis M. Botti G. Functional interaction among lncrna hotair and microRNAas in cancer and other human diseases. Cancers 2021 13 3 570 10.3390/cancers13030570 33540611
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Byron S.A. Van Keuren-Jensen K.R. Engelthaler D.M. Carpten J.D. Craig D.W. Translating RNA sequencing into clinical diagnostics: Opportunities and challenges. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2016 17 5 257 271 10.1038/nrg.2016.10 26996076
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Al-Amrani S. Al-Jabri Z. Al-Zaabi A. Alshekaili J. Al-Khabori M. Proteomics: Concepts and applications in human medicine. World J. Biol. Chem. 2021 12 5 57 69 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.57 34630910
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Cui M. Cheng C. Zhang L. High-throughput proteomics: A methodological mini-review. Lab. Invest. 2022 102 11 1170 1181 10.1038/s41374‑022‑00830‑7 35922478
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Yang L. George J. Wang J. Deep profiling of cellular heterogeneity by emerging single‐cell proteomic technologies. Proteomics 2020 20 13 1900226 10.1002/pmic.201900226 31729152
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Ratti M. Lampis A. Ghidini M. Salati M. Mirchev M.B. Valeri N. Hahne J.C. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as new tools for cancer therapy: First steps from bench to bedside. Target. Oncol. 2020 15 3 261 278 10.1007/s11523‑020‑00717‑x 32451752
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Mattick J.S. Amaral P.P. Carninci P. Carpenter S. Chang H.Y. Chen L.L. Chen R. Dean C. Dinger M.E. Fitzgerald K.A. Gingeras T.R. Guttman M. Hirose T. Huarte M. Johnson R. Kanduri C. Kapranov P. Lawrence J.B. Lee J.T. Mendell J.T. Mercer T.R. Moore K.J. Nakagawa S. Rinn J.L. Spector D.L. Ulitsky I. Wan Y. Wilusz J.E. Wu M. Long non-coding RNAs: Definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2023 24 6 430 447 10.1038/s41580‑022‑00566‑8 36596869
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Laugesen A. Højfeldt J.W. Helin K. Role of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) in transcriptional regulation and cancer. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2016 6 9 a026575 10.1101/cshperspect.a026575 27449971
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Yang J. Xu S. Wang S. Zou X. Duan M. Zhang Q. Wang C. HOTAIR as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of gastrointestinal cancers: An updated meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis based on TCGA data. Biosci. Rep. 2023 43 3 BSR20222174 10.1042/BSR20222174 36924407
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Hou J. Zhang G. Wang X. Wang Y. Wang K. Functions and mechanisms of lncRNA MALAT1 in cancer chemotherapy resistance. Biomark. Res. 2023 11 1 23 10.1186/s40364‑023‑00467‑8 36829256
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Amodio N. Raimondi L. Juli G. Stamato M.A. Caracciolo D. Tagliaferri P. Tassone P. MALAT1: A druggable long non-coding RNA for targeted anti-cancer approaches. J. Hematol. Oncol. 2018 11 1 63 10.1186/s13045‑018‑0606‑4 29739426
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Li L.T. Jiang G. Chen Q. Zheng J.N. Ki67 is a promising molecular target in the diagnosis of cancer (Review). Mol. Med. Rep. 2015 11 3 1566 1572 10.3892/mmr.2014.2914 25384676
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Mo W.Y. Cao S.Q. MiR-29a-3p: A potential biomarker and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2022 25 3 563 577 10.1007/s12094‑022‑02978‑6 36355327
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Kalathil D. John S. Nair A.S. FOXM1 and cancer: Faulty cellular signaling derails homeostasis. Front. Oncol. 2021 10 626836 10.3389/fonc.2020.626836 33680951
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Raghuwanshi S. Gartel A.L. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting FOXM1: Current challenges and future perspectives in cancer treatments. Biochim Biophys. Acta. Rev. Cancer 1878 2023 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189015 37913940
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Zhang F.C. Zhang S.Y. Chen T.E. Xu Y.C. Clinical application of PD-1/PD-L1 to prognosis prediction and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. Med. Sci. 2020 40 128 133 10.3969/j.issn.1674‑8115.2020.01.021
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Nesline M.K. Previs R.A. Dy G.K. Deng L. Lee Y.H. DePietro P. Zhang S. Meyers N. Severson E. Ramkissoon S. Pabla S. Conroy J.M. PD-L1 expression by RNA-Sequencing in non-small cell lung cancer: Concordance with immunohistochemistry and associations with pembrolizumab treatment outcomes. Cancers 2023 15 19 4789 10.3390/cancers15194789 37835483
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Barresi V. Musmeci C. Rinaldi A. Condorelli D.F. Transcript-Targeted therapy based on rna interference and antisense oligonucleotides: Current applications and novel molecular targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022 23 16 8875 10.3390/ijms23168875 36012138
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Townsend M.H. Ence Z.E. Felsted A.M. Parker A.C. Piccolo S.R. Robison R.A. O’Neill K.L. Potential new biomarkers for endometrial cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2019 19 1 19 10.1186/s12935‑019‑0731‑3 30679932
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Liu J. Feng M. Li S. Nie S. Wang H. Wu S. Qiu J. Zhang J. Cheng W. Identification of molecular markers associated with the progression and prognosis of endometrial cancer: A bioinformatic study. Cancer Cell Int. 2020 20 1 59 10.1186/s12935‑020‑1140‑3 32099532
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Martinez-Garcia E. Lesur A. Devis L. Campos A. Cabrera S. van Oostrum J. Matias-Guiu X. Gil-Moreno A. Reventos J. Colas E. Domon B. Development of a sequential workflow based on LC-PRM for the verification of endometrial cancer protein biomarkers in uterine aspirate samples. Oncotarget 2016 7 33 53102 53115 10.18632/oncotarget.10632 27447978
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Besso M. Montivero L. Lacunza E. Argibay M. Abba M. Furlong L. Colas E. Gil-Moreno A. Reventos J. Bello R. Vazquez-Levin M. Identification of early stage recurrence endometrial cancer biomarkers using bioinformatics tools. Oncol. Rep. 2020 44 3 873 886 10.3892/or.2020.7648 32705231
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Ma H. Weng F. Tong X. Li H. Yao Y. Yuan J. LncRNA TRPM2-AS promotes endometrial carcinoma progression and angiogenesis via targeting miR-497-5p/SPP1 axis. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2024 29 1 93 10.1186/s11658‑024‑00612‑7 38956502
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Yang J. Barkley J.E. Bhattarai B. Firouzi K. Monk B.J. Coonrod D.V. Zenhausern F. Identification of endometrial cancer-specific microRNA biomarkers in endometrial fluid. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023 24 10 8683 10.3390/ijms24108683 37240034
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/acamc/10.2174/0118715206390892250803033306
Loading
Molecular Pathways and Biomarkers in Endometrial Carcinoma: Paving the Way for Precision Medicine
Bentham Science Publishers ; https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715206390892250803033306
/content/journals/acamc/10.2174/0118715206390892250803033306
/content/journals/acamc/10.2174/0118715206390892250803033306
Loading

Data & Media loading...


  • Article Type:     Review Article
Keywords: epigenetic alterations ; biomarkers ; Endometrial carcinoma ; transcriptomics ; molecular markers ; clinical trials

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error
Please enter a valid_number test