Anthraquinones: Integrated Perspectives on Analytical Methodologies and Functional Applications

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Anthraquinones are aromatic organic compounds essential in both nature and industry, known for their diverse applications. Anthraquinones with a chemical formula of C14H8O2 are commonly found in plants like Aloe vera and rhubarb, fungi, lichens (a symbiosis of fungi and algae), bacteria like Streptomyces species, and certain animals like crinoids and sponges. It has various biological functions such as antimicrobial properties and anticancer activities. Anthraquinones are synthesized through natural processes like the polyketide and shikimate pathways within plants and extracted using methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and super critical fluid extraction for their isolation and purification. In the medical field, anthraquinones play a crucial role in the development of drugs like anthracyclines for cancer and metformin for diabetes treatment, showcasing their therapeutic potential. Industrially, anthraquinones find application as natural dyes in textiles, imparting vibrant colors, and as additives in papermaking to enhance the strength and durability of paper products, highlighting their versatility in diverse industrial sectors. The utilization of analytical techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is essential for determining the absorption spectra of anthraquinones, while high-performance liquid chromatography is crucial for separating and quantifying individual compounds, emphasizing their indispensable roles in accurate anthraquinone analysis. The compound's significance extends beyond its bioactivities, playing a vital role in various industrial applications, which underscores the ongoing research and interest in exploiting its properties for innovative solutions in healthcare, manufacturing, and environmental sustainability