Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptor (TGF-βR) with Transethosomes: Novel Strategies for Targeted Skin Cancer Treatment

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Transforming growth factor (TGF) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a key role in proliferation, metastasis, and several other critical malignancy-related activities. Pharmaceutical firms have investigated TGF- inhibitors as cancer therapies, and several of these are now undergoing clinical trials. For many years, nanotechnology has substantially influenced a range of treatments. A variety of medications may now be delivered more safely and effectively because of developments in materials and formulation. Targeted administration guarantees a particular impact and minimizes systemic negative effects. Delivery methods based on transethosomes are also highly promising for cancer immunotherapy. The adaptability and specificity of nanoparticle-based delivery methods offer the possibility of simultaneously addressing the immune system to trigger a powerful immune response and the tumor tissue to alter the tumor microenvironment locally. Regardless of the presence or stage of malignancies, a powerful systemic immune response was induced by a transethosome-based nanocarrier. Transethosomes that specifically silence TGFexpression in the tumor microenvironment improved the transethosomal formulation's effectiveness in treating an advanced animal model of melanoma . The combination of these two medications offers a versatile and potent platform for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches as well as mechanistic research. The TGF-signaling system, its functions in cancer development and fibrotic disorders, and developments in TGF- antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors are all covered in this review.