Strengthening Substrates: Grouting Methods

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This chapter looks into the crucial role of grouting as a soil improvement technique aimed at enhancing construction foundation stability, facilitating open-cut excavations, and supporting tunneling operations. By focusing on the dual objectives of reducing soil permeability and augmenting its strength, the discussion mainly revolves around the traditional use of cement and lime treatments alongside the application of chemical grouts for finer geological textures. Through a critical examination of critically examining various research studies, the aim of this chapter aims to provide practicing engineers with a comprehensive overview of grouting methods, tracing their evolution from historical roots to contemporary practices. It elaborately discusses the spectrum of grouting materials, injection methodologies, pertinent equipment, and the inherent limitations and verification protocols associated with each type of grout. Highlighting the dichotomy between suspension-based permeation grouting and chemical solutions, the narrative underscores the efficiency of suspensions in coarser soils and the suitability of chemical solutions for finer strata. Moreover, it addresses certain chemical solutions' environmental and health concerns, noting the shift toward environmentally benign inorganic suspensions. Ultimately, the chapter serves as a resourceful guide for contractors and consultants, offering valuable insights into designing and implementing grout fluid injection works, thus promoting best practices in soil improvement and substrate strengthening.