Machine Learning Solution for Orthopedics: A Comprehensive Review

Bone provides support to the skeletal system, associated with joints, cartilage, and muscles attached to bones to help move the body and protect the human internal organs. Bone fracture is a common ailment in the human body due to external force on the bone. The structure of the bone is disturbed, which causes pain, frailness, and bone not functioning properly. Avulsion fracture, Greenstick fracture, Comminuted fracture, Compression fracture, Simple fracture, and Open fracture are different types of fractures. The literature presents a significant number of research papers covering the detection of different kinds of fractures (wrist, hand, leg, skull, spine, chest, etc.). There are different medical imaging tools available such as X-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT) and ultrasound, which detect different types of fractures. This paper represents a review study to discuss various bone fracture detection and classification techniques between fracture and non-fracture bone.