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A Summarized View of Lipid, Polyplex, Inorganic, and Carbon-Based Nanotherapeutics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment

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Liver cancer is one of the primary causes of global cancer deaths after lungcancer and colorectal cancer. In 2021, an estimated 42,230 new liver cancer cases willbe diagnosed, and approximately 30 thousand people will die of these cancers in theUnited States alone. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) alone accounts for nearly 75% ofall liver cancers. Early detection of HCC enables multiple treatment choices resultingin improved therapeutic outcomes. Unfortunately, most HCC cases are typicallydiagnosed at advanced stages, resulting in poor survival. Among various treatmentmodalities, chemotherapy remains the mainstay, particularly for treating advancedpatients. However, the major drawback of conventional chemotherapeutics is the lackof cancer cell selectivity, leading to significant damage to healthy tissues. Thesechallenges can be circumvented with the help of targeted nanotherapeutics containinganticancer drugs. These nanotherapeutics are increasingly favored over theirconventional counterparts due to their specific cancer cell targeting with low off-targeteffects. Therefore, in this book chapter, we focus on different types of nanocarriers totreat hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, current nanotherapeutics in clinical trialsand the future perspective of nanomedicine in liver cancer are discussed.

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