Evaluation of Structure-property Relationship of Coconut Shell Lignins by NMR Spectroscopy: From Biorefinery to High-added Value Products

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important spectroscopic methods for lignin characterization, playing a key role in its structural elucidation and the choice of its suitable application. This chapter intends to cover a wide range of matters regarding the NMR utilization in the lignin field from the biorefinery up to lignin valorization through different chemical modifications in order to produce high-added-value products with potential technological applications. The chapter is divided into four main sections, in which the first and second ones will provide a review of the main structural properties, NMR experiments used for lignin characterization, and the recent advances of this technique. The third section is composed of topics about biorefinery with a focus on microwave-assisted organosolv delignification (MWAOD) and how the main pulping parameters affect the lignin structure, besides the use of NMR as a quality control tool for MWAOD up-scaling. Finally, the fourth section discusses NMR as a tool for determining structure-property relationship by performing some chemical modifications in lignin structure aiming its valorization, such as glycidylation, microwave-assisted phosphorylation, microwaveassisted selective acetylation, and the performance of lignins from different pulping processes as antioxidant compounds and the influence of their structure on it. Therefore, this chapter contributes to the development of the lignin field by reviewing the recent advances provided by NMR spectroscopy.