Bentham Science Publishers

This eBook " Medical Lives of History`s Famous People" highlights the consequences of numerous medical concerns of historical individuals. It also discusses in depth how the public lives of famous people were strongly affected due to their medical conditions.

The contents of this book include chapters on the historical facts concerning Babe Ruth`s heroic battle with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, the Oral Cancer of Sigmund Freud, Celiac disease: The Cause of President John F. Kennedy`s life long medical travails, Porphyria: The cause of the madness of King George; Hemophilia: The Royal disease and much more.

This book is a valuable resource for MSc and PhD students, academic personnel and researchers seeking updated and critically important information on medical and mental ailments. The book gives a detailed exposure of the medical issues of the famous people which will give benefit to the readers in their daily life.

This e-book discusses the molecular relationship between biological systems and risk factors for in-utero oxidative insults, maternal health and the impact on fetus at different critical developmental time windows (prenatal or even postnatal). Plausibly, prenatal and early postnatal periods are the most critical "windows" to oxidative stress programming insults. Pro-oxidative stress is a common feature of many conditions associated with adverse fetal growth and/or preterm birth, such as pre-eclampsia, diabetes, smoking, malnutrition or excessive nutrition, infection or inflammation. Oxidative stress insults may be directly linked to or associated with many genetic, nutritional and environmental risk factors that contribute to risks of adverse fetal growth or preterm birth. This e-book should be a valuable reference for medical researchers and working professionals interested in congenital defects.

Inflammation triggers specific metabolic pathways and if not resolved, translates into several painful diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disorders and psoriasis. Various processes have been explored to understand the factors behind inflammation and consequently, many mechanisms have been examined to suppress it. The nucleotide-binding domain like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an example of such factors which is responsible for triggering sterile and microbe induced inflammation. Studies of genetic variants of the related gene have revealed insights into the mRNA expression pathways that may help researchers to identify crucial disease mechanisms.

This book is a review of the scientific findings of distinguished scholars who have studied NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its contribution in worsening the outcomes of inflammatory disorders.

This collection of chapters covers many aspects of the multifaceted role of NLRP3 inflammasome. Beginning with airway inflammation and fibrosis, it progresses to explore its involvement in pulmonary hypertension, heart diseases, tuberculosis, cardiovascular complications, and childhood asthma. Additionally, it examines the inflammasome's impact on protozoan parasitic infections and neuropathic pain. The chapters not only elucidate the intricate mechanisms of NLRP3 activation but also discuss potential inhibitors and therapeutic targets. Readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the NLRP3 inflammasome's diverse implications across different physiological contexts. The book includes references making this book a valuable treatise of insights for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals.

Thermodynamics and kinetics (i.e., chemical interactions) are extremely important concepts for pharmaceutical scientists to understand since the "drug selection process", that is, the process used by pharmaceutical companies to discover and develop marketable drugs, is totally dependent upon these theories. While both theories are important, kinetic models describing complex chemical and biological processes provide a unifying theory for all phases of the discovery and development of drugs. Unfortunately, in most textbooks the mathematical descriptions necessary to develop a deeper understanding of kinetic models are omitted. This is primarily done such that the underlying chemistry and biochemistry principles are not obscured by the "mathematical maze" that is generated from these models. As a result many chemists and biologists veer rapidly away from thermodynamics and kinetics. For some scientists, this can lead to confusion on how to apply these models to real-life situations. For example, many enzyme kinetic models are formulated as rate equations. Since experimentally measurements typically determine concentrations and rarely determines rates directly, confusion arises on how to apply kinetic models. In this case, either the model is integrated to give a description of the concentration course of the enzyme reaction or the data is differentiated (i.e., the process of determining rates) by measuring tangents to the reaction curves at zero time.

The level of mathematical skills required to solve kinetic models is minimal for anyone who has studied college level algebra and calculus. Thus, the objective of this book is to present a brief review of thermodynamics and kinetics followed by a detailed step-by-step approach in developing and solving kinetic models for complex chemical and biological processes. The book focuses on building a solid mathematical foundation of enzyme kinetic models by systematically evolving simple uni- and bi-molecular models to enzyme models. Applications for some of these kinetic models are generated from pharmaceutical examples and a selection of problems is presented at the end of each chapter. This elementary approach has been intentionally selected to keep the book at a self-explanatory level. It is anticipated that the reader will be able to follow the mathematical operations and in the process develop a deeper understanding of kinetic models and an improved ability to interpret kinetic parameters.

The book is restricted to solution chemical kinetics and does not deal with the theories of chemical reactions, gas-phase reactions, experimental kinetic methods and so on. There are many excellent chemical kinetic textbooks available for those interested in these topics. The solution chemical kinetics materials for the book were obtained from literature papers and several books on physical chemistry and enzyme kinetics. The ideas from these sources have been hopefully reinterpreted in a style that is well matched to those pharmaceutical scientists that do not have a comprehensive knowledge of kinetic models and the mathematical skills to solve them.

Chapter 1 presents a general overview to thermodynamic and kinetic principals and theory. In Section i, an overview to the scope of the book is presented. A brief review of mathematical fundamentals used in the book (Section ii) and kinetic and thermodynamic principals are present (Section iii and iv). A glossary of symbols and abbreviation used throughout the book is presented in Section v. Chapter 2 describes the basic theory of first-order kinetic models. These types of mathematical models are used for irreversible (Section I) and reversible (Section II) rearrangement reactions and some examples are presented to illustrate their applications to drug discovery. Chapter 3 describes second-order irreversible (Section III) and reversible (Section IV) dimerization reactions while Chapter 4 describes second-order irreversible (Section V) and reversible (Section VI) binding reactions. Chapter 5 describes partially and fully coupled reversible completive binding reactions (Section VII). Chapter 6 describes second-order kinetic models that are used to analyze consecutive irreversible (Section VIII) and reversible (Section IX) substrate suicide enzyme reactions. Chapter 7 describes kinetic models that are used to analyze consecutive irreversible (Section X) and reversible (Sections XI and XII) enzyme reactions. Chapter 8 describes kinetic models that are used to analyze consecutive reversible inhibition enzyme reactions (Section XIII - XVI). Chapter 9 describes kinetic models that are used to analyze substrate (Section XVII) and product inhibition (Section XVIII) enzyme reactions. The Appendix contains the answers to the problems.

This book explores the different ways sleep medicine is practiced in the world by presenting information from multiple countries from all continents. The editors, all sleep medicine experts, dive into both clinical practice, and research keeping an eye on healthcare needs and disparities, before proposing solutions. The contributions also take into account the social, geographical and political situation of each country, along with demographic considerations such as income levels, adding a dimension of context to the contents. The book is meant to be a reference for sleep medicine practitioners who encounter diverse patients in their daily practice. It also serves as a good resource for anyone interested in the state of global health studies.

This volume is a review of recent developments, opportunities, and challenges in the conversion of biomass from different sources to biodiesel or related fuel additives. Key features of the book include fully referenced chapters edited by experts, a blend of basic and current information on biodiesel and a summary of sustainable use of biodiesel byproducts like glycerol.

The volume presents a comprehensive range of 13 topics related to biodiesel production and fuel additives. It begins with a historical overview of biodiesel and related additives, followed by detailed chapters on biodiesel production from various sources such as soybean oil, palm oil, and Jatropha curcas oil. Recent advancements in catalytic thermochemical conversions of biomass into biofuels are explored, alongside discussions on algal biocrude as a feedstock. The role of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in biodiesel production is examined, along with innovative techniques such as microwave and ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The book also presents information about the utilization of waste cooking oil and waste-derived catalysts, concluding with insights into solketal synthesis and catalytic biodiesel production via simultaneous esterification and transesterification.

The book imparts the technical know-how on biodiesel and relevant fuel additives for engineering and sustainability students, professionals and apprentices. It also informs policymakers in the energy sector on the benefits of biodiesel as a renewable energy resource.

This e-book presents an analysis on the correlative relations and interactions between democracy and education at macro and micro levels. This analysis demonstrates that democracy and educational institutes are influenced by the natural, demographic, institutional and cultural dimensions of their society and that the relation between them should be dealt with under the authentic conditions of the society and with an integral perspective.

This e-book provides a sound base for discussions on democracy at all levels. Thus it contributes to functional discussions about the philosophy behind education and democracy, by helping education institutions, teachers, administrators and all responsible citizens to consider their own roles within a comprehensible and simple frame in society through the process of democratization.

This book explores the dynamic intersection of three cutting-edge technologies—Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Cloud Computing—and their profound impact on diverse domains. Beginning with an introduction to AI and its challenges, it delves into IoT applications in fields like transportation, industry 4.0, healthcare, and agriculture. The subsequent chapter explores AI in the cloud, covering areas such as banking, e-commerce, smart cities, healthcare, and robotics. Another section investigates the integration of AI and IoT-Cloud, discussing applications like smart meters, smart cities, smart agriculture, smart healthcare, and smart industry. Challenges like data privacy and security are examined, and the future direction of these technologies, including fog computing and quantum computing, is explored. The book concludes with use cases that highlight the real-world applications of these transformative technologies across various sectors. Each chapter is also supplemented with a list of scholarly references for advanced readers.

The book is intended primarily as a resource for students in information technology and technology courses. And as a secondary resource for industry professionals who want to learn about these technologies in the context of digital transformation.

Chromene is a naturally abundant heterocyclic compound found in alkaloids, tocopherols, terpenes and other compounds. Its derivatives can be used as a scaffold that exhibits pharmacological activity in the human body.

Chromene drugs and related bioactive molecules are the prime focus of this reference. It presents 13 thoroughly researched chapters that comprehensively cover all aspects about the molecule. Starting with a detailed introduction to its role and importance in drug discovery, the book goes into the details of chromene structure, synthesis and pharmacology. Readers can gain knowledge of different commercial medicines based on chromene and its pharmacological activity against different diseases. The elaborate topics in the book will help researchers working on chromene based drugs.

Key highlights of the book include:

- Complete coverage of chromene's role in nature and drug development with references to historical background and current developments

- References to commercial and preclinical drugs and patents of interest

- Explanation of chromene bioacivity in different diseases (antioxidant, antidiabetic, antinflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities, antitumour, immunomodulatory activity)

- Explanation of chromene activity against SARS-Cov2