Bentham Science Publishers

How do neurons work in processes that guide thought and action? This eBook answers this question by presenting an accurate analysis of all the physico-chemical phenomena occurring between interconnected neurons. Once researchers have this information, they can then build a functional catalog of neurons and understand the working behind the simplest physiological elements and these can hopefully be replicated into devices. Microscopic and macroscopic experimental results can assist in the study of sensorial analysis, instincts and motor control of skeletal muscles. The book also presents a description of memory at the cellular level and gives insights about the learning process in living systems. Such research has increased our understanding of the mechanisms of animal behaviors from the honeybee to the dog. In human beings, the efficiency of the same neural mechanisms overtakes a threshold when language allows building new abstract signals from previous abstract signals. Introduction to the Neural Basis of Action and Thought demonstrates to readers how physiological processes allow us to recall words and generate sentences and how these processes support abstract thought, action and self awareness. This book is a useful primer for anyone interested in cognitive sciences and related research.

This textbook is a primer for students on statistics. It covers basic statistical operations, an introduction to probability, distributions and regression. The book is divided into a series of 10 chapters covering a basic introduction to common topics for beginners. The goal of the book is to provide a sufficient understanding of how to organize and summarize datasets through descriptive and inferential statistics for good decision-making. A chapter on ethics also informs readers about best practices for using statistics in research and analysis. Topics covered: 1. Introduction to Statistics 2. Summarizing and Graphing 3. Basic Concepts of Probability 4. Discrete Random Variables 5. Continuous Random Variables 6. Sampling Distributions 7. Estimation 8. Hypothesis Testing 9. Correlation and Regression 10. Ethics

Ion Implantation and Activation presents the derivation process of related models in a comprehensive step by step manner starting from the fundamental processes and moving up into the more advanced theories.

Ion implantation can be expressed theoretically as a binary collision, and, experimentally using various mathematical functions. Readers can understand how to establish an ion implantation database by combining theory and experimental data. The models described in this ebook can be directly related to practical experimental data with various approaches: physical, empirical or experimental. Readers can also understand the approximations, and assumptions to reach these models. The redistribution and activation of implanted impurities during subsequent thermal processes are also important subjects and they are described in a broad manner with the combination of theory and experiment, even though many of the models are not well established. Chapters in the book explain, in depth, various topics such as Pearson functions, LSS theory, Monte Carlo simulations, Edgeworth Polynomials and much more.

This book provides advanced engineering and physics students and researchers with complete and coherent coverage of modern semiconductor process modeling. Readers can also benefit from this volume by acquiring the necessary information to improve contemporary process models by themselves.

Ion Implantation and Activation presents the derivation process of related models in a comprehensive step by step manner starting from the fundamental processes and moving up into the more advanced theories.

Ion implantation can be expressed theoretically as a binary collision, and, experimentally using various mathematical functions. Readers can understand how to establish an ion implantation database by combining theory and experimental data. The models described in this ebook can be directly related to practical experimental data with various approaches: physical, empirical or experimental. Readers can also understand the approximations, and assumptions to reach these models. The redistribution and activation of implanted impurities during subsequent thermal processes are also important subjects and they are described in a broad manner with the combination of theory and experiment, even though many of the models are not well established. Chapters in the book explain, in depth, various topics such as Pearson functions, LSS theory, Monte Carlo simulations, Edgeworth Polynomials and much more.

This book provides advanced engineering and physics students and researchers with complete and coherent coverage of modern semiconductor process modeling. Readers can also benefit from this volume by acquiring the necessary information to improve contemporary process models by themselves.

Ionic Liquids: Eco-friendly Substitutes for Surface and Interface Applications explores the growing interest in utilizing ionic liquids as sustainable alternatives for various industrial and biological applications. With their unique properties and environmentally friendly nature, ionic liquids have emerged as promising substitutes for toxic and volatile solvents, offering significant advantages in surface and interface chemistry.

This book is divided into two parts: Part 1 covers the basics of ionic liquids, their surface/interface properties, and interactions with metallic surfaces. Part 2 focuses on the wide range of surface and interface applications of ionic liquids, including wastewater treatment, corrosion protection, catalysis, separation processes, medical devices, and sensing applications.

Key Features:

A complete book fully dedicated to the surface and interface chemistry of ionic liquids with seventeen chapters

Covers fundamentals, recent progress, and applications in surface/interface chemistry

Presents up-to-date research and interdisciplinary insights

Includes relevant references and resources for further exploration

This is a valuable reference for scientists and engineers who want to learn about ionic liquids' chemistry and applications

The story of the unidentified serial killer in London's Whitechapel district - known as Jack The Ripper – has been the subject of interest to researchers for over 120 years. The name ascribed to the individual was from a letter sent to the Central News Agency in London on 27 September 1888. Initially thought to be a hoax, the letter gained much publicity when the writer's promise of clipping a lady's ears off manifested after the discovery of the body of Catherine Eddowes with an ear lobe severed, 3 days after the letter was received. Several letters followed this and borrowed elements from the earlier correspondences. Jack the Writer: A Verbal & Visual Analysis of the Ripper Correspondence is a different approach to the subject of 'Ripperology'. In this book, the author, Dirk Gibson, provides a quantitative content analysis of the letters. Gibson first grounds this study of the Jack the Ripper letters in an analysis of the legitimacy of the documents. The dialectic method is used to carefully consider the authenticity of these letters. The largest extant collection of Jack the Ripper letters is provided in this book, approximately 250 in number.

The most significant part of this book is a trio of content analyses quantifying the themes, subjects, people and linguistic mannerisms mentioned in the Ripper letters; the analyses describe precisely what was and was not in these missives. The letters are described and presented in the context of their content, with the valid letters presented in chronological order. Jack the Writer: A Verbal & Visual Analysis of the Ripper Correspondence will give readers, whether generally interested in the ripper correspondence or undertaking courses in criminology or abnormal psychology, a glimpse of the cultural context of a serial murderer's communication with the public and the press in Victorian times.

• Computing with Words and Granular Computing
• Extensions of fuzzy sets: intuitionistic fuzzy sets, hesitant fuzzy sets, neutrosophic sets, spherical fuzzy sets.
• Fuzzy Clustering
• Fuzzy Control
• Fuzzy Data Analysis, Fuzzy Clustering, Classification and Pattern Recognition
• Fuzzy Database
• Fuzzy Decision Making and Decision Support Systems
• Fuzzy Expert System
• Fuzzy Logic Systems
• Fuzzy Logic Techniques and Algorithms
• Fuzzy Mathematical Programming
• Fuzzy Mathematics
• Fuzzy Measure and integral
• Fuzzy Neural Systems, Neuro-Fuzzy Systems
• Fuzzy Pattern Recognition
• Fuzzy Process Control
• Fuzzy Reasoning System
• Fuzzy Sets in Bioinformatics
• Fuzzy System Applications in Computer Vision
• Fuzzy System Applications in E-commerce
• Fuzzy System Applications in Human-Machine Interface
• Fuzzy System Applications in Robotics, Sensors, Fuzzy Hardware and Architectures
• Fuzzy System in Multimedia and Web-Based Applications
• Fuzzy Systems Design and Optimization
• Fuzzy Systems Modeling and Identification
• Fuzzy Systems with Big Data and Cloud Computing, Fuzzy Analytics and Visualization
• Fuzzy-Rule Based System
• Hybrid Fuzzy Systems (fuzzy-neuro-evolutionary-rough)
• Possibility Theory and Imprecise Probabilit

• Preparation and characterization of new photocatalyst.
• Photocatalytic elimination of environmental pollutants in liquid or gas phase.
• Self-cleaning materials.
• Thin films.
• Photocatalytic syntheses of valuable products.
• Photocatalytic hydrogen generation and CO2 reduction.
• Kinetics and mechanistic aspects of photocatalytic reactions.
• Combination of photocatalysis with other technologies, such as membrane technologies and photoelectrocatalysis.
• Engineering aspects of photocatalytic processes.
• Homogeneous photocatalysis.
• Theory, modelling and computational aspects regarding the mechanisms of activation of photocatalysis.

Genome science or genomics is essential to advancing knowledge in the fields of biology and medicine. Specifically, researchers learn about the molecular biology behind genetic expression in living organisms and related methods of treating human genetic diseases (including gene therapy). Advances in Genome Science is an e-book series which provides a multi-disciplinary view of some of the latest developments in genome research, allowing readers to capture the essence and diversity of genomics in contemporary science.

The third volume of this ebook series features a variety of articles exploring oncogenomics, mouse genetics, feline genetics, genetic mechanism for pain, the genetics of weeds and much more.

This book provides an update on heterocyclic compounds that serve as key components of anti-cancer agents administered in pre-clinical settings. Many of the compounds highlighted in the book are being actively investigated for the bioactive properties against a range of cancer cell lines. There is potential for heterocyclic compounds to design agents that can target specific molecules to treat different types of cancers. Chapters are contributed by experts in pharmaceutical chemistry and are written to give a general overview of the topic to readers involved in all levels of research and decision-making in pharmaceutical chemistry and anti-cancer drug design.

Part II of the book set covers these topics:

- Anticancer targets for heterocyclic lead compounds

- Coumarin hybrids for cancer treatments - Progress in nitrogen and sulphur-based heterocyclic compounds for their anticancer activity

- Imidazole as an anticancer heterocyclic ring - Morpholine for profiling anticancer lead compounds

- Natural products as anticancer agents

Kidney transplantation is worldwide considered the best replacement therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, although impressive improvements in surgical techniques and in the management of immunosuppression, long-term results have not significantly changed over the last decades.

The purpose of this book is not to be a comprehensive review on kidney transplantation, but it would overview the recent acquisitions in the field of kidney transplantation, by offering to clinicians the future directions and the possible fields of research to improve the long term outcome.

The book is divided into 27 chapters. The first part of the book is devoted to the basic principles of immunity and organ transplantation and the clinical evaluation of potential recipient. Moreover, in this section are discussed the most recent strategies to increase the donor pool trying to offer a kidney transplantation to a growing number of patients. The second part of the book is devoted to the immunosuppression. In these two chapters, the authors present an overview on the immunosuppressive management of kidney transplant recipients, with particular emphasis on the minimization of immunosuppression. The third part of the book is devoted to the complications of immunosuppression and to the psychological aspects of transplantation. This section is particularly detailed, and offers a complete point of view on the consequences and benefits of kidney transplantation. Last section is devoted to the future. The clinical tolerance and xenotransplantation are not still the present, but the authors illustrate the fields of application of these fundamental aspects of organ transplantation.

The authors and editors have tried to select an appropriate mix of citations, but it has not been possible to cite all the relevant articles. Apologies are due to those authors whose works we have failed to cite.

Our goal was to provide the most recent acquisitions in a practical manner. We hope that we have succeeded.

Special thanks to all the authors for their excellent and enthusiastic collaboration and special thanks to our patients to whom are dedicated all our efforts.

The phenomenon of resistance to motion through a fluid is believed to be a function of fluid-wall interaction. This theory is based on the assumption that under certain conditions a real fluid does not usually slip on the wall in contact with it and displays laminar flow. This set of conditions is known as a ‘no slip boundary condition’. But if a fluid is passed alongside a wall, the drag reduction in the laminar flow region can be calculated. In Laminar Drag Reduction, the frictional drag of an internal or an external fluid flow along a certain kind of hydrophobic wall is investigated. An analytic approach towards the mechanism of drag reduction is employed using Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness equations. The experimental results presented in this book show that frictional drag of a fluid alongside this hydrophobic wall decreases in comparison with fluid flow along a conventional wall or surface.

This form of laminar drag reduction represents a relatively new area of research, where the laminar flow can be controlled by microscopic surface modifications, allowing fluid flows to slip over a wall. Laminar Drag Reduction brings information about some interesting phenomena related to fluid slippage on a highly water-repellent surface. Readers, physics graduates and senior researchers alike, can benefit from the information presented in this book to tackle more challenging questions in fluid mechanics research.

This monograph is a collection of reviews that presents results obtained from new and somewhat unconventional methods used to fight multiple drug resistance (MDR) acquired by microorganisms and tumours. Two directions are considered: (i) the modification of non-antibiotic medicines by exposure to un-coherent, or laser optical radiation to obtain photoproducts that receive bactericidal or, possibly, tumouricidal properties and (ii) the development of new vectors (micrometric droplets of solutions containing medicinal agents) to transport medicines to targets based on optical and micro spectroscopic methods.

Chapters shed light on pendant droplets used for antibiotic drug delivery, the science of lasers and their interactions with fluids in pendant droplets and spectroscopic analyses of droplets used to treat MDR infections. It therefore equips researchers and medical professionals with information about tools that enable them to respond to medical emergencies in challenging environments.

The intended readership for this monograph includes graduate students, medical doctors, fluid physicists, biologists, photochemists, and experts in drug delivery methods employed in extreme conditions (such as those found in outer space and hypergravity conditions) who are learning about using techniques such as laser spectroscopy, biophotonics and optofluidics/microfluidics.

This e-book series presents readers with information about state-of-the-art developments in clinical and pre-clinical cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

The first volume of the series brings contributions from prominent scientists and the topics covered span clinical cardiovascular MRI of ischemic heart disease and heart failure, DENSE-regional cardiac quantification in normal and diabetic hearts, spectroscopy and multinuclear imaging, and flow quantification. On the pre-clinical side, topics such as parallel imaging and fast imaging acquisition techniques are discussed as well as the application of regional cardiac functional MRI in image-based-phenotyping of small animals and fiber tractography.

The concise summary and presentation of both clinical and pre-clinical aspects of cardiac MRI make this a useful reference for researchers interested in nuclear medicine and ,in particular, cardiac MRI. Clinicians can also get a glimpse of pre-clinical procedures that might slowly find their way into everyday clinical practice in the foreseeable future.

Lean Management Solutions for Contemporary Manufacturing Operations: Applications in the automotive industry covers recent techniques aimed at improving manufacturing activities in automotive factories in the time of the fourth industrial revolution. The book informs the reader about some improvements in hard skills (such as technical concepts, new tools, processes, and applied designs), as well as soft skills (strategic planning and the psychology of motivating human resources in manufacturing setups). The book also presents insight for managers who are working with a niche of employees with disabilities with respect to the automotive industry.

Topics in the book include:

Application of Graph Theory in Workplace Design

Applied Design

Disability and the 4th Industrial Revolution

People Development, Motivation & Results

Low Cost Logistics Solutions

Agile Methodologies in Manufacturing Projects

This book is a concise, informative reference which updates the reader on recent strategies to maximize productivity in the auto manufacturing sector.

" Lecture Notes in Numerical Analysis with Mathematica" highlights most of the important algorithms and their solved examples by Mathematica.

The contents of this book include chapters on floating point computer arithmetic, natural and generalized interpolating polynomials, uniform approximation, numerical integration, polynomial splines and many more.

This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students in institutes, colleges, universities and academies who want to specialize in this field. The readers will develop a solid understanding of the concepts of numerical methods and their application. The inclusion of Lagrane and Hermite approximation by polynomials, Trapezian rule, Simpsons rule, Gauss methods and Romberg`s methods with illustrative examples is a valuable resource for the readers. Each chapter ends with examples and test questions.

Lifestyle diseases and related conditions present a major healthcare challenge for children, posing a significant threat to their well-being. The Editors have compiled chapters to present a multicentric approach to the subject.

This book is an insightful reference on lifestyle diseases and its management in adolescents. It includes ten chapters with a focus on systemic disorders that are linked to lifestyle issues. Topics in this volume include gut microbiome and gastrointestinal disorders, neurological disorders, dental diseases, respiratory diseases and allergies associated with pesticides, cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and common infectious diseases.

The book highlights the risk factors and determinants of these diseases, and where an immediate intervention is needed. An updated understanding of the diseases with scientific references gives readers crucial information for setting the groundwork for long-term public health policy formulation.

This book serves as a primary resource for scholars and trainees in nursing, medical (pediatrics and endocrinology) and paramedical courses who are required to understand lifestyle diseases with a focus on adolescents. Readers and professionals in public health, life-sciences and related disciplines can also use this as a secondary reference.

This brief monograph provides reports on liquid crystal materials used for specific devices designed for industrial applications. The authors of each chapter present insights on the design and technical aspects of the manufacturing of advanced liquid crystal light modulators reflecting their experience in advanced liquid crystal materials science.

Chapters in the book first introduce readers to the chemistry and basic materials science of liquid crystal light modulators with information important for practical situations such as custom manufacturing and material quality assessment (including the determination of Frank elastic constants). Subsequent chapters cover a selection of interesting projects where liquid crystal light modulators are applied, such as: a highly transparent, laser damage resistant liquid crystal phase modulators for space-borne laser rangefinders; a dynamic optical filter designed for visualization of air pollution; a high contrast, fast operating, outdoor light shutter for the eye protection of welders.

Readers will gain an awareness of the peculiarities of the liquid crystalline matter, along with the complexity of the design and fabrication of active optical elements, as the information provided in this volume presents detailed practical results of the liquid crystal technology projects.

This textbook presents basic principles of local anesthesia and exodontia for undergraduate dental program students and dental surgeons in training. Readers will understand key concepts and points that prepare them for daily oral and maxillofacial surgery practice. The book also provides detailed notes for managing patients who have different medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders and systemic diseases.

Key Features:

- provides an easy to understand short note format of information for readers

- covers the basics of anesthesia and pain biology

- covers simple extractions to complex surgical extractions

- presents guidelines for managing patients with medical complications

Contemporary Endoscopic Spine Surgery brings the reader the most

up-to-date information on the endoscopy of the spine. Key opinion

leaders from around the world have come together to present the

clinical evidence behind their competitive endoscopic spinal surgery

protocols. Chapters in the series cover a range of aspects of spine

surgery including spinal pain generators, preoperative workup with

modern independent predictors of favorable clinical outcomes with

endoscopy, anesthesia in an outpatient setting, management of

complications, and a fresh look at technology advances in a historical

context. The reader will have a first-row seat during the illustrative

discussions of expanded surgical indications from herniated disc to

more complex clinical problems, including stenosis, instability, and

deformity in patients with advanced degenerative disease of the human

spine. Contemporary Endoscopic Spine Surgery is divided into three

volumes: Cervical Spine, Lumbar Spine, and Advanced Technologies to

capture an accurate snapshot in time of this fast-moving field. It is

intended as a comprehensive go-to reference text for surgeons in

graduate residency and postgraduate fellowship training programs and

for practicing spine surgeons interested in looking for the scientific

foundation for their practice expansion into endoscopic surgery.

This volume (Lumbar Spine) covers the following topics in 18 detailed chapters:

Lumbar endoscopy: historical perspectives, present, and future

Endoscopic lumbar discectomy - anatomy, nomenclature, indications and

advanced techniques

Current approaches for the treatment of endstage vacuum degenerative

lumbar disc disease

Advanced endoscopic techniques of lumbar foraminotomy and treatment of

degenerative spondylolisthesis

Endoscopic treatment of lumbar facet cysts

Endoscopic techniques for the treatment of a wide range of chronic low back pain

Endoscopic spine surgery techniques in the elderly

Endoscopic fusion techniques

Endoscopic resection of schwannoma

Technical notes for difficult cases, controversies and complications

of lumbar endoscopy.

This reference presents basic concepts relevant to respiratory function in normal and diseased states.The volume stresses a quantitative approach to physical parameters used as indicators of normal and diseased physiological respiratory function. The contents of this reference allow medical students and physiology researchers to become "clinical detectives" - by presenting information that can be useful for enhancing their understanding of the major abnormalities in terms of ventilation, pulmonary blood perfusion, venous admixture, wasted alveolar ventilation, tissue oxygenation, acid-base balance, respiratory mechanics, control of breathing, etc.

This book is intended for first and second year medical students as well as for residents and fellows, especially in disciplines such as anesthesiology and pulmonary medicine. In addition, the unique mechanistic approach of this book also provides a useful reference for teachers of respiratory physiology who are not involved in respiratory research or those who have not been specifically trained in organ-system physiology. This book thus fills this gap by providing a modern physiology faculty some tools for learning the "nuts-and-bolts" of lung physiology and associated respiratory care.